TRS 601-Part1 If you haven\'t got a witness, you haven\'t got a leg to stand on. One by one the witnesses narrated the sequence of events which led up to the disaster. The document was signed in the pre PDF

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If you haven't got a witness, you haven't got a leg to stand on.
One by one the witnesses narrated the sequence of events which led up to the disaster.
The document was signed in the presence of two witnesses.
New witnesses have cast doubt on some of the evidence that sent the 19 y...

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Nanoȧbers er s Revolutionize ion ni iz e Air Filtration ati on Urban areas aro und n d the theworld worldaare re plagued plaguedby by i th par ticle p ollutionand andgground-level round-levelozone ozone, ,wwith fed ininairair pollut ion that some cities engulfed p ollution thatfar fa r l ine li limits mi ts se t by e World exceeds the guideline set byththe World ion (WHO). lopme nt Health Organization (WHO).Rapid Rapiddeve develo pment n ology ininthe t decade of nanoȧ ber te chnology thepas past de cadehas has s toto bubuild ild inincreasingly crea s ingly e ff ective allowed engine ers effe ctive ces that b block lock hhazard aza rd ous air-ȧ ltration de vices that ous ȧ ers ospun poly meri c nanoȧb pollutants. Electrospun polymeric nanoȧ ber s ble totowear res pirators ar e both comfor table wea rinin respir ators ockcking ing out t particle and efȧ cien t at blo outthe thewors worst par ticle ear chers sing them pollution , and resear chersare ar eu using themtoto ȧ c ation d a air ir puriȧ dev elop advanced puriȧ cationdevices devicestotohelp he lp fel y inin vari ous env people br eathe safely va rious environments. ironments. pir atortor m masks asks a sas Nanoȧ b ers can beused usedininres respira nvi ronmental acces s points, well as in other environmental access poin ts, i cular a air i rȧȧlter s, and at ion, ,veh such as w ater ȧ ltration vehicular ȧ lters, and stems in bu ild i ng s.

ȧ cient heating systems, and the vehicles, inef inefȧ burning o omass ffor or heat and cooki n g. WHO offbi biomass coo king. W HO ,6 00 ci t i esi in n 91 e s and und monitors 11,600 monitors cities 91 countri countries and fofound eople lliving ivi n g in in area so f assessment, of all that of all the the ppeople a reas of assessment, only 12 percent percent lilived ved where ir qual it yguguidelines ideli nes whereaair quality for PM2.5 p par art ticulates i culateswere were met. met. As As studies studie s f rom from other organ iz ati ons cor c orroborate notion that ir orga nizations roborate the notion that aair pollution s cause causeffor or concern, andin senc e pollutioniis inthe theab absence mitigation pollution-emitting of eeffective ff ective m itigat ion oof f pollut ion-emitt ing processes, wearable wearable and rrespirators espirators and home ltration ho m eȧȧȧ ltration devices may be dev i ces may solutions tthe he only only solut ions blem ttoo the theppro roblem dangerous-toof dang erous-to breathe air a ir. breathe ȧ cation Airppuriȧ pirator s are Air uriȧ cation res respirators are typically typically with nvironments, associated wi thppostindustrialized ostindustr i ali zed eenvi ronments, they ave ex forcentur centuries. Notun unlike y h have e xiisted stedfor ie s. Not l ike but the theirr modern lters built built hundreds hundreds thei modern counterparts, counterparts, ȧȧlters years a go ttarg etedaaw wide rangeofofculprits, culpr its,from from of year s ago argeted i derange fumesgener generated bytox toxic ated by ic mold spores to dust tofumes mining operations.In Inth the 1700s and weapons a nd mini ng operations. e 1700 s and inventors dabble d in inbui building air-purif ying s dabbled ldin g ai r-pur if ying 1800s,inventor

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respirators out outof of mater ialssuch suchas asȧȧȧ ne wo ven respirators i als woven moiste ned wo ol topprotect miners and cloth and mo i stened wool rotect m i ners and soldiers. G asm masks withcharcoal charcoalcartridg ca rtridges and e rs. Gas asks with es and soldi ȧ ȧ lters were were develo developed ped and an dused us ed during during particulate ȧlters soldiers hazardous World War I to pprotect rotect sold i ers frfrom om hazardous the 1970 1970s, separt particulate gases. In the s, single-u in s g le-use iculate with polymer beganto tobe bewidely widely rrespirators espirators w i th pol yme rȧ ȧbbers ers began in indus industry theUnited United States. States. Presently, Pre sently, used in tryi in n the nstitute fo forrOccup Oc cupational the US National IInstitute at ional Safety and HHealth regulates part particulate matter ealth regulates i culate matter af ety and lab testin testing andcertify certifyi ing dev ices rrespirators espirators bby y lab g and ng devices guard ag against 95 percen percent ofȧȧȧne n eparticulat particulate tthat hatguard a inst 95 t of e matter, gi gviving such respi respirator designation ignation matter, i ng such rators sa ades “N95”” if if the they meetpparticulate matter known as “N95 ymeet articulate matter ȧȧltration ltrationstan standards. Thesety types respiratorsar are dards. These pes ofofrespirators typ ically constructed of oflalayer s of poly propy lene, typi callyconstructed y ers ofpol yprop y lene, activated carbonccotton, and sometimes sometimes acti vated carbon otton, and ȧ bers, nanoȧ and are are in ingreat greatdemand demand wor worldwide in nanoȧb ers, and ldwide in cities pollution levels. ci ti es with high high pollut ion le vels. ȩber The term nanoȩ bers with The term nano efe rs totoȧȧȧbbers ers with s r refers nd t he rl d because ofofcoa lȧ - r ed urban areas a round thewo world be cause coal-ȧ re d diamete than micron, which a di ameter roof f less th an 1 m icron ,wh ich isis ȨȨeet eases inin the of of personal power plants, increases the Ȩ eet per sonal e and nano -sized gaseous esel fufumes mes stances like pollution from substances likedidiesel issions arare e h hazardous azardous toto and indu strial emissions emp ir icall y il linked nked toto breathe and havebeen been empir ically e, cancer, and other health respiratory disease, cancer, and other health , WHO orted in in 2014 that risk s. Dis turbingly, WHOrep reported 2014 that lut ion was ng ininman y particulate air pollution wasworseni worsening many

Thinking ng ra ate gy About Str Strategy

her f ininalalign ignment ith per sonal csics, , herssel elf mentwwith perso nalvalues, values,ethi eth and asp i rations. I Ica nnot aspirations. cann ottell tellyou youwhether whetheryour your o rld has e or s mer asas vision visio nof of aabetter be tterwworld hasmor more orles less meritit o c m pareed d wwith i th some one else’ s vivision. si on. But compar someone els e’s ButI Ican can tellyyou ou th at thi nk in gcare f ully and y about that thinking carefully anddeepl deeply about strategy ywwill ill increa s e your l i ty to edinin increase yourabi ability tosucce succeed i si oni into nto reali t y. rni ng that tu rning thatvvision reality. o fthi essay, I Iwi ll ddiscus iscusssthe For purposes of thiss essay, will the o c ncept o offstrate gyyas t appl i es to an iz at ions concept strateg asi it applies toorg organizations and teams. Th eseininclude cl ude gov ernments, busi ness governments, business ȧ t torganizations, n e ter pr ises, non p roȧ enterprises, nonproȧ organizations,philanthropic philanthropic foundations, and teams of any kind.

WH WHAT AT IS IS STRATEGY? STRATEGY?

ON N INTRODUCTION What is strate gy and and why whyiissititi important mportant to to th thin inkk nking ing analy anayl titically cally ab out about it? How can n thi think about you to strateg y enable you to develop develop better, better, more mo re ie s ffor or any anizati on to ch eff ective strategies any org organ ization to whi which you belong? ntures to tac kle these quest i ons, This es say ventures questions, troduct i on to to th this prov iding a brieffin introduction isȧȧ ȧeld eld quiry. y1 It ma may y be be of intellectual and nd moral m oral in inquir gy” iin n sur prising to talkkabout about the the idea idea of of“strate “strategy” we impl i citl y and inst incti vely th is way since we implic itly and instinctively lement strate develop and im plement strategies every day. gie s ever y da y. roach rather n For example, wetake take xxaapp pproach rather tha than lving one y approa ch to solving oneooffour ourproblems. problems .But But th is essay suggests sts that that th thinking about strategy strategy i nking about in greater depth open opens up ar a rich anduusef ul s up ich and sef ul ȨȨection, ȧ eld of analysis and re reȨ ec tion,one onewith witha adeep deep or y. Moreover, thi nki ng aabout bout intellec tual history. thinking ral inqui strateg y is a moral inquirryybecause becauseititisisnecessary necessa ry nggeff ective plans for ȧ rst designin effective pla nsfor foraction, action, and and n g th ose plans ectivel ly ytoto th en implementing those plans eff ef fective orld. The ion ofofwhat make a better world. Thequest question whatmakes makes uest i on, aa qquestion ues tion a better world is aa moral mora lqquestion, n must mselfoor r th at e ach person must answer answ erfor forhi himself

Sp peak eaking ing of of teams te ams, , let let’s ’ s talk talk about aboutsports, sports, p iȧȧca lly, aagame s of speciȧ s ec cally, gamehundreds hundredsof ofmillion millions of peop le all people a ll over over the the world world know k now and and love. love. In In near ly lyever every c ountry, sporti siscalled calledf football ycountr y, ththis is sport ootball (in the d States, red to ) (in the Unite U nited States ,ititisisrefer referred toas as“soccer.” “soccer.”) magi ne you Im agine youare a replaying playing on onaaf ootball footb allteam. tea m.What What is your your pur pose?e?As med iate is pu rpos Asaaplayer, player,your yourimimmed iate s how llenti n ti on. how to to be be exce excellent inyour yourpo posisition. problemi is ȧ ned Excellen cein osit ionisisdeȧ Exc ellence inyour yo urpposition deȧ nedby bythe the which areable abletototake takeact actions on extent to whi ch yyou ou are ions on ȧȧeld th e t of ative ȧeldin insuppor support ofthe theteam’s team’scollabor collaborative eff orts to to get get the the ball ball ininto thenet. net. efforts to the purpose sei in the gam e? the team’s team’s purpo n th e game ? What isis the Toget all into y titime messas getthe thebball intothe thenet netas asman many as ible? might htggalvan izethe thehhighest poss i ble ? While Wh ile ththis is mig alvani ze ighest lev team mot motivation the pla player this le veel l ofof team i vati on f for or the yers,s,th is isis team’s purpo giv en not the answer. The team ’s purpo seseinin a ag iven thegame. game.Th The deȧ nition gameisiss simply im ply totowwin in the e de n ition ofof ȧ victory fo otballisisver very simple:fofor yourteam teamtoto victor y inin football ysimple: r your get theball ballininto theright r ight net net at at least least onc oncee mor more to the e th an the oppoin sing teamisisable abletotododososoininthe the s g team oppos itenet. net. opposite Imag a re the the coach coach of of ne now thatyyou ou are mag iine affootba ll team. Wh W hat your pur pose? To ootball ati sisyou r pur po se? To maximize tota gl goals across rossaaseas sea son? No.Your Your m ax i m iz e total oals ac on? No. pur posei is foryour yourteteam wn inas asmany many g ames s for am totowi g ames as po ssible oughout seas onto toachi achieve the possi ble ththr rou ghout aaseason eve the highest comparative rankin theother other hi g hest co mparative ra nkinggvvis-à-vis is- à-v is the teamsi in the le league. Overthe thecourse cour seoof multiple n the ague. Over fmultiple

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World Trade Problems and Their Resolutions It is late 2014, and the leaders of the G20—a trade group comprising the world’s biggest economies—are meeting in Australia. The gathered nations, ostensibly discussing free trade, debate the implementation of trade sanctions aga inst one member, Russia, to express displeasure over actions in the Crimean Peninsula. It seems like an outright contradiction: A group meant to promote free trade is contemplating measures to choke it off. But when economics and politics meet, free trade and sanctions can counterintuitively exist together in a patchwork of policy measures. It is all part of how international trade agreements are enforced through a byzantine process that attempts to hold nations to the agreements they sign. It involves a lot of behind-the-scenes diplomacy, but also more open mechanisms such as trade courts invoked when a government refuses to play by the rules.

SANCTIONS AND PROTECTIONISM IN|CONTEXT The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was enacted following World War II to avoid a reprise of the disastrous domino effect of protectionist policies adopted before and during the Great Depression of the 1930s. Since then, the nations of the world have, with a few exceptions, steadily, continuously moved towa rd greater freedom in international trade. By the time the World Trade Organization (WTO) was formed in 1995, most nations already had skills for working out problems among themselves. Despite all the nationalistic bluster of worldwide p oliticians, most leaders now go a long with economists on the benefits of free trade. This makes it a ll the more frustrating when trade talks break down and devolve into arguments and threats of retaliatory action. In theory, this is when the W TO steps in with a solution everyone can

accept. In practice, however, things may not go so smoothly. The most common hiccup in the process is a nation’s kneejerk response to institute sanctions on|its own—for example, the 19 non-Russian members of the G20 threatening to enact sanctions against Russia over Russian actions in Crimea, or the United States enacting sanctions against Iran over a long list of disagreements, or nearly everyone enacting sanctions against North Korea. Presently, the United States has sanctions in place against 20 or so nations to protest political stances, and against dozens more for reasons related to drugs, terrorism, trade in illegal diamonds, and so|on. The natural question is whether this vast skein of sanctions—or sometimes merely the threat of them—actually causes nations to mend their ways. The answer is: sometimes, but not often. Proponents of sanctions point to South Africa, which did finally end its racially discriminatory apartheid system partly because of pressure from its trading partners. However, there are few such clear-cut successes in the history of trade sanctions. The threat of sanctions can often motivate a struggling country, but actually enacting them does little to change things. Economist Daniel Drezner points out that enacting sanctions tends to both hurt the targeted nation and depress the economy of the sanctioning nation. Usually the targeted countries remain unchanged and simply blame outsiders while tolerating a period of economic distress. Iran, for example, was the target of US trade sanctions for nearly 40 years, but despite the hardship these caused, the Iranian government and much of its population remained unmoved. Furthermore, the economic distress that sanctions generate tends to disproportionately harm poorer citizens while letting political elites claim that they are standing firm against foreign economic aggression.

HOW ARE PROBLEMS ACTUALLY RESOLVED? Fortunately, most strong economies have responsible governments that recognize how important it is to mind one’s p’s and q’s when

consumers, but the good news is that it rarely in large, diverse nations like the United States, Brazil, and Russia, local governments and even well-organized private citizens can impede that careful work. Local politicians may oppose the building of, say, a Japanese-owned auto plant in some US state, stirring up enough support to impose state or local regulations that would kill the project. In Brazil, rules for oil and gas exploration require that the national oil company, Petrobras, have a 30 percent stake or higher in any exploration activity. International agreements often have anti-quota provisions, such “local-content” or “local participation” requirements—essentially de facto quotas—that are beloved by politicians and typically play very well with voters. Not surprisingly, complaints about such practices are often brought to the WTO (see Fig. 1.1). In the rare instances where a modern, economically connected nation suddenly passes an obvious bit of protectionist legislation, international partners usually respond in a predictable way. Retaliatory sanctions are threatened, then enacted, and the WTO is petitioned for intervention. The offending nation offers a heartfelt shrug. The contentious piece of legislation may or may not be withdrawn. The world economy and the economies of the disputants are ever so slightly worsened. The whole drawn-out process can easily hurt

leads to a truly debilitating trade wa r.

WORKING THINGS OUT These troubling trade issues rarely progress beyond complaints and WTO adjudication because all the parties have a stake in maintaining the status quo. The WTO can function as an excellent mediator at early stages of a dispute, helping to solve many problems before they spiral out of control. When the system fails to work, the failure might be catastrophic, but this is often due to a heated political history between the involved nations, such as countries with longstanding territorial disputes. The system works well enough, frequently enough, that most economists are genuinely surprised when nations actually appear to be heading toward real trouble that might destabilize the price of oil, for example. Pragmatic leaders recognize that in the fi nal analysis, the system depends on the parties “working things out.” This may not always result in an even-handed resolution. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, a Japan that had only recently found its economic footing enacted voluntary export restraints in deals with the United States, an arrangement that limited the import of Japanese vehicles to the United States. This was essentially a quota by another name—technically absolving the United States of any accusations of breaking any rules. Those measures

economically recovering nation was forced to limit trade to avoid possible economic retaliation.

Despite its authority, the WTO does not singularly have the leverage to prevent economically powerful nations from uniting

In the long term, Japan fared well and grew to become a leading automotive manufacturer. The

their interests in a way that all but forces other nations to comply. At the other end of the

earlier deals with the United States were replaced by such practices as Japanese auto-making plants

spectrum, the truth is that sometimes there is no enforcement of the rules or only the weakest

being located in the United States. The WTO has gotten involved occasionally, but “working things out” has generally sufficed for relations between

of responses. Still, while it may at times seem to offer an imperfect model of enforcement, arguably, the system has so far kept the gears of

Japan and the United States.

the global ec onomy turning.

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attempting to convert the DNA vaccine into a liquid form that could be used as nasal spray. After the DNA vaccine is injected into In the more than two centuries since vaccination

the|body, it accomplishes two goals: creating a

became a mainstream medical approach, medical researchers have struggled to stay ahead

strong cellular response and building a potent humoral, or antibody, response. Once injected,

in the contest with mutating microbes and to

DNA vaccinations prompt helper T cells and B cells to multiply and produce memory cells, as

create vaccines that are safer and more directly targeted. The established home territory of vaccination involves live attenuated a nd inactive vaccines (see “Live Attenuated Vaccines and Inactivated Vaccines,” p. 53). A little further out from the medical home country are subunit and conjugate vaccines, which were actually not possible before modern technological advances. The outer frontier of vaccines is now in the realm

well as activate cytotoxic “killer” T cells, which are the toughest pathogen fighters. This type of dual cellular and humoral response...