UAL Referencing Guide PDF

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Unit for Academic Literacy Departmental Referencing Guide

Compiled by: Stephanie de Villiers Courtney Tink Celeste von Fintel

July 2019

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Contents 1.

General guidelines.......................................................................................................... 5

2.

Reference list/Bibliography..............................................................................................5 2.1

Reference list formats for different types of publications..........................................6

2.1.1

2.1.1.1

Book with a single author:..........................................................................6

2.1.1.2

Book with multiple authors:........................................................................6

2.1.1.3

Book with a single editor:...........................................................................7

2.1.1.4

Book with multiple editors:.........................................................................7

2.1.1.5

Chapter in a book:......................................................................................7

2.1.1.6

Book if it is not the first edition:..................................................................7

2.1.2

3.

Journal articles..................................................................................................8

2.1.2.1

Hard copy journal article:...........................................................................8

2.1.2.2

Online journal article:.................................................................................8

2.1.3

2.2

Books................................................................................................................ 6

Online sources..................................................................................................8

2.1.3.1

Website:.....................................................................................................8

2.1.3.3

Blog:...........................................................................................................9

2.1.3.4

YouTube:....................................................................................................9

2,1.3,5

DVD, video or film:...................................................................................10

2.1.3.6

Images:....................................................................................................10

Example of a complete reference list.....................................................................10

In-text references.......................................................................................................... 12 3.1

Citing one author in a text:.....................................................................................12

3.1.1

Reference includes name of author.................................................................12

3.1.2

Reference excludes name of author................................................................12

3.2 Citing two (or more) authors in a text:.........................................................................13 3.2.1 Reference includes names of authors..................................................................13 3.2.2 Reference excludes names of authors.................................................................13 3.3 Citing three or more authors in a text:.........................................................................14 3.3.1 Reference includes names of authors..................................................................14 3.3.2 Reference excludes names of authors.................................................................14 3.4.

Citing an organisation or corporate author:...........................................................14

3.4.1 Reference includes name of corporate author......................................................15 3.4.2 Reference excludes name of corporate author.....................................................15 3.5

If the source lacks important bibliographic information:..........................................15

3.5.1 In-text citations without an author.........................................................................15 3.5.1.1 Reference includes name of corporate author...............................................16 3

3.5.1.2 Reference excludes name of corporate author..............................................16 3.5.2 In-text citations without a date..............................................................................16 3.5.2.1 Format of in-text references with no date.......................................................16 3.5.2.2 Format of in-text references with an estimated date of publication.................17

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1.General guidelines Referencing is a vital part of any text that contains ideas that are not the author’s original work, whether these are direct quotations, paraphrased ideas or visual content.

Referencing is necessary to acknowledge sources, to maintain academic integrity, and to avoid plagiarism.

The format in this guide is adapted from the Harvard referencing system, which is an author and date system.

The system works with two parts. For any source that is referenced, an in-text reference (consisting of the author(s) surname(s), the year of publication, and a page number if available) must be included and users need to ensure that the in-text reference correlates with a full reference in the reference list.

It is important to be consistent with references and to make sure that all the formatting looks the same throughout the text. The user must check that all spacing, punctuation, italics and capital letters are consistent with the given format.

2.Reference list/Bibliography A reference list consists of all the sources used in the text. A bibliography consists of all the sources read to produce the text, whether cited in the text or not. Use a reference list for all your written work for this Module

The reference list must start on a separate page at the end of the text.

Entries in the reference list must appear in alphabetical order according to the authors’ surnames.

All author surnames and initials must be included in the full reference, regardless of the number of co-authors. Et al. references are not included in the reference list (see number 3 under In-text References on p. 9).

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References with multiple co-authors must have the authors’ names in the same order that they appear in the source.

Users must ensure that they include all the details as given in the format. If an element of the bibliographic information in the source is unknown a placeholder may be used. For example, if the publication date is unknown, substitute with n.d. (for no date), s.l. (for no place of publication) or s.n. (for no named publisher). Remember to check the reliability of the sources if the information is not available as it may mean that the source is unreliable.

If the name of the author is not available, use the organisation, company or website name as a corporate author.

A distinction is made between the editor(s) who compile(s) a text and the author(s). Refer to the examples below for how to acknowledge editors in the reference list.

Should the reference list include more than one source written by the same author in the same year, the date is followed by a lowercase letter a, b, c, etc, for example, 2019a, 2019b. This format must be followed in the reference list and the in-text reference.

For books published in the United States of America, the state abbreviation must be included in addition to the city of publication. For example, if the city of publication is Boston, the user must list it as Boston, MA, followed by the publishing house. Do not include countries or UK counties.

If a source has been reprinted, the original publication date appears in square brackets and precedes the new publication date, for example [1829]1992.

2.1 Reference list formats for different types of publications 2.1.1 Books 2.1.1.1

Book with a single author:

Surname, Initials. Year of publication. Title. Place of publication: Publisher. Example

Brandt, D. 2004. Literacy in American lives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

6

2.1.1.2

Book with multiple authors:

Surname, Initials., Surname, Initials. & Surname, Initials. Year of publication. Title. Place of publication: Publisher. Example

Adams, R.J., Weiss, T.D. & Coatie, J.J. 2010. The World Health Organisation, its history and impact. London: Perseus.

2.1.1.3

Book with a single editor:

Surname, Initials. (ed). Year of publication. Title. Place of publication: Publisher. Example

Keene, E. (ed). 1988. Natural language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

2.1.1.4

Book with multiple editors:

Surname, Initials. & Surname, Initials. (eds). Year of publication. Title. Place of publication: Publisher. Example

Rivkin, J. & Ryan, M. (eds). 2004. An anthology of literary theory. 2nd ed. Maiden, MA: Blackwell.

2.1.1.5

Chapter in a book:

Surname, Initials. (of chapter author). Year of publication. Chapter title. In: Surname, Initials. (of editor/s). (ed). Book title. Place of publication: Publisher. Page range of chapter. Example

Samson, C. 1980. Problems of information studies in history. In: Stone, S. (ed). Humanities information research. Sheffield: CRUS. pp. 44-68.

2.1.1.6

Book if it is not the first edition:

Surname, Initials. & Surname, Initials Year of publication. Title. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.

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Example

Flexner, S.B. & Hauck, L.C. (eds). 1987. The Random House dictionary of the English language. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Random House.

2.1.2 Journal articles 2.1.2.1

Hard copy journal article:

Surname, Initials. Date of publication. Article title (in sentence case, not italicised). Journal title (in title case, italicised), Volume(Issue):page range.

Example

Carter, M. 2007. Ways of knowing, doing, and writing in the disciplines. College Composition and Communication, 58(3):385-418.

2.1.2.2

Online journal article:

Surname, Initials. Date of publication. Article title (in sentence case, not italicised). Journal title (in title case, italicised), Volume(Issue):page range. [Online]. Available at:

URL of the article. Accessed: the date you accessed/downloaded the article. Example

Salemi, M.K. Teaching economic literacy: Why, what and how. International Review of Economics Education, 4(2):46-57. Available at: https://www.economicsnetwork.ac.uk/iree/v4n2/salemi.htm. Accessed: 20 June 2017.

2.1.3 Online sources 2.1.3.1

Website:

Authorship or source. Year last updated. Title of website or page. [Online]. Available at:

Website URL. Accessed: date you accessed the website.

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Example

Department for Children, Schools and Families. 2009. Background to every child matters. [Online]. Available at: http://www.dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/about/background/background/. Accessed: 18 February 2015.

2.1.3.2 Article from an online magazine, newspaper, website, etc with the author listed:

Author surname, Initials. Year of publication. Title of article/page. Title of newspaper/magazine/website. [Online]. Available at: URL of article (not just the general website address). Accessed: the date you accessed the article. Example

Adams, R. 2019. Scotland’s universities to offer guaranteed places to care leavers. The Guardian. [Online]. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/uknews/2019/jul/25/scotlands-universities-offer-guaranteed-places-students-in-care. Accessed: 25 July 2019.

2.1.3.3

Blog:

Author surname, Initials/Username. Year of publication. Title of blog entry. Blog title. [Medium]. Available at: URL of blog post. Accessed: date you accessed the post Example

Kruszelnicki, K. 2019. Running out of sand, part one. Dr Karl. [Blog]. Available at:

https://drkarl.com/running-out-of-sand-part-one/. Accessed: 25 July 2019.

2.1.3.4

YouTube:

Screen name of contributor. Year. Video title. [Online video]. Available at: URL of video. Accessed: date you accessed the video Example CrashCourse. 2019. Scientific Revolution: Crash Course European History #12. [Online video]. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w70BkCqgyyI. Accessed: 25 July 2019.

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2,1.3,5

DVD, video or film:

Full title of DVD, video or film. Year of release. [Medium]. Director. Country of origin: Film studio or maker. Example

Macbeth. 1984. [Film]. Directed by Orson Welles. United States of America: Republic Pictures.

2.1.3.6

Images:

Photographer Surname, Initials. Year (image created). Title of work. [Medium]. Collection details. Example

Beaton, C. 1956. Marilyn Monroe. [Photograph]. Marilyn Monroe private collection.

2.2 Example of a complete reference list Adams, R. 2019. Scotland’s universities to offer guaranteed places to care leavers. The Guardian. [Online]. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/uknews/2019/jul/25/scotlands-universities-offer-guaranteed-places-students-in-care. Accessed: 25 July 2019.

Adams, R.J., Weiss, T.D. & Coatie, J.J. 2010. The World Health Organisation, its history and impact. London: Perseus.

Beaton, C. 1956. Marilyn Monroe. [Photograph]. Marilyn Monroe private collection.

Brandt, D. 2004. Literacy in American lives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Carter, M. 2007. Ways of knowing, doing, and writing in the disciplines. College Composition and Communication, 58(3):385-418.

CrashCourse. 2019. Scientific Revolution: Crash Course European History #12. [Online video]. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w70BkCqgyyI. Accessed: 25 July 2019. 10

Department for Children, Schools and Families. 2009. Background to every child matters. [Online]. Available at: http://www.dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/about/background/background/. Accessed: 18 February 2015.

Flexner, S.B. & Hauck, L.C. (eds). 1987. The Random House dictionary of the English language. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Random House.

Keene, E. (ed). 1988. Natural language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kruszelnicki, K. 2019. Running out of sand, part one. Dr Karl. [Blog]. Available at: https://drkarl.com/running-out-of-sand-part-one/. Accessed: 25 July 2019

Macbeth. 1984. [Film]. Directed by Orson Welles. United States of America: Republic Pictures.

Rivkin, J. & Ryan, M. (eds). 2004. An anthology of literary theory. 2nd ed. Maiden, MA: Blackwell.

Salemi, M.K. Teaching economic literacy: Why, what and how. International Review of Economics Education, 4(2):46-57. Available at: https://www.economicsnetwork.ac.uk/iree/v4n2/salemi.htm. Accessed: 20 June 2017.

Samson, C. 1980. Problems of information studies in history. In: Stone, S. (ed). Humanities information research. (pp. 44-68). Sheffield: CRUS.

3.In-text references An in-text reference is the citation given to a source referred to or used directly or indirectly. For every concept, direct quote, paraphrased idea or summary used from another source, the writer must give credit to the original author(s).

An in-text reference is made up of the surname(s) of the author(s), the year of publication and the page number from where the information was extracted.

Below are examples of different contexts in which in-text citations can occur. If the author is mentioned by name as part of the main sentence, s/he is cited as ‘According to Fara 11

(2009) ...’. If the author’s name is not mentioned in the main sentence, s/he is cited as ‘The text mentions that plagiarism is a fraudulent act (Nickerson, 1999:737)’.

3.1 Citing one author in a text: Example of reference in the reference list:

Fara, P. 2009. Science: A Four Thousand Year History. London: Oxford University Press.

3.1.1 Reference includes name of author Format: (surname, date of publication:page number)

Use this format when referring to a concept, paraphrased idea or summary derived from a text, with the author not mentioned in the main sentence. Example

The scientific reasoning used to explain this concept points to ... (Fara, 2009:87).

3.1.2 Reference excludes name of author Format: Surname (date of publication:page number)

Use this format when referring to an author’s idea or concept, with the author mentioned in the main sentence. Example

Fara’s (2009:87) use of scientific reasoning within her text…

3.2 Citing two (or more) authors in a text: Example of reference in the reference list:

Davies, P. & Brant, J. 2006. Business, economics and enterprise: teaching school subjects. London: Routledge.

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3.2.1 Reference includes names of authors Format: (surname & surname, date of publication)

Use this format when referring to a concept, paraphrased idea or summary derived from a text with two authors. Example

(Davies & Brant, 2006)

3.2.2 Reference excludes names of authors Format: surname and surname (date of publication: page number)

Use this format when referring to the ideas or concepts of two authors. Note here that the ampersand (&) is never used as part of the sentence. Example

According to Davies and Brant (2006:23), a school’s education layout directly affects…

3.3 Citing three or more authors in a text: If a source has three or more authors, the in-text reference can be shortened by only writing out the first author’s surname and substituting the remainder of the names with the phrase et al.

Example of reference in the reference list: Botha, T., Davies, P., & Van Wyk, S. 2005. Science in the 15th century. London: Pearson.

3.3.1 Reference includes names of authors Format: (surname et al, date of publication). (Note that the first time the source is mentioned in-text, it must appear in its entirety.)

Use this format when referring to a concept, paraphrased idea or summary derived from a text with three or more authors. 13

Example

(Botha et al, 2005)

3.3.2 Reference excludes names of authors Format: surname et al (date of publication:page number). (Note that the first time the source is mentioned in-text, it must appear in its entirety.)

Use this format when referring to the ideas or concepts of three or more authors, for example, Botha et al (2005:325) further explain that…

3.4. Citing an organisation or corporate author: Example of reference in the reference list:

Oxfam. 2006. Global programme learning report 2006. Oxford: Oxfam GB Publishing

If the user is using a quota...