Unit 1 Quiz - Unit 1 quiz PDF

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ONE Quiz Question 1

Chris telephoned Roberta and listed eight items that they need for the afternoon picnic. Roberta didn't have a pencil, so she couldn't write them down. However, she remembers the last three items very well because of Select one: a. the recency effect. b. object permanence. c. long-term memory. d. an event-related potential. Question 2

Suppose that you are accustomed to a certain bus stopping on a specific corner near your college campus. A bus stops, and you think that it’s your customary bus. You fail to notice that the side of the bus has a totally different company name. The process that led to your misidentifying the bus is called Select one: a.x parallel processing. b. serial processing. c. bottom-up processing. d. top-down processing. Question 3

How does the functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) technique compare with other imaging techniques? Select one: a. It requires more processing time than PET scans, so it is more widely available. b. It produces images that are roughly comparable to the ERP technique. c. It is more effective than the PET scan in measuring brain activity that occurs rapidly. d.X It does not provide precise information about the timing of various brain activities. Question 4

Which of the following statements is true about cognition, in connection with the themes of this textbook? Select one: a. Although some cognitive processes are active, most are passive. b. Cognitive processes handle neutral information better than positive information. c. Most cognitive theories propose that humans actively examine the world for information. d. Most cognitive processes can be studied in isolation, without reference to other processes. Question 5

Suppose that several cognitive scientists are trying to program a computer so that it solves a particular problem in the same way a human does, taking into account that a human might make a few false starts before successfully solving the problem. This approach is called Select one: a. behavioural modeling. b. computer simulation. c. Xthe "Pure AI" approach. d. the neuroscience approach. Question 6

When neuroscientists use PET (positron emission tomography) scans,

Select one: a. they stimulate a brain region in a patient who recently had a stroke or tumour. b. they place electrodes on a person's scalp. c. they assess the regions of the brain in which blood flow increases while a person is performing a task. d. they record the neural impulses from one neuron in the human brain. Question 7

According to the discussion of individual differences in Chapter 1 of your textbook, Select one: a. cognitive psychologists have always studied psychological disorders more than they have studied developmental psychology. b. behaviorists pay more attention to individual differences than cognitive psychologists do. c. cognitive psychologists now emphasize individual differences more than in earlier decades. d. cognitive psychologists believe that research about individual differences has some practical applications, but individual differences are not theoretically interesting. Question 8

What is the current status of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory? Select one: a. Almost all of the recent research supports the model. b. Some studies support the distinction between short-term memory and long-term memory, but other studies suggest that these two forms of memory are actually similar. c. XOnly the concept of sensory memory is still of interest to researchers. d. The theory has been completely abandoned because there is no research support for the distinction between short-term memory and long-term memory. Question 9

An important characteristic of the connectionist approach is that Select one: a. it can only explain higher mental processes, such as decision making. b. the neural activity that corresponds to a particular cognitive activity is typically limited to a single small location. c. it is flexible enough to explain many cognitive skills. d. Xmany cognitive activities rely on serial operations. Question 10

One component of your general knowledge focuses on semantic memory. Which of the following would be an example of semantic memory? Select one: a. a strategy you use to memorize important material for a test b. your knowledge that the word “bear” is similar to the word “lion” c. your ability to create a mental image d. your ability to add several three-digit numbers together Question 11

A researcher wants to study how people's attention shifts when they see a visual stimulus in an unexpected portion of a screen that they are viewing; this attention shift occurs in just a fraction of a second. Which of the following techniques is this researcher most likely to use? Select one: a. the neural-network approach b. a positron emission tomography (PET) scan c. the event-related potential technique (ERP)

d. the functional magnetic resonance imaging technique (fMRI) Question 12

According to the principle of ecological validity, Select one: a. behaviour should be initially studied in its simplest, most basic form; more complex kinds of behaviour should be studied later on. b. experiments should have some application to experience outside the laboratory. c. laboratory settings should be employed whenever possible. d. experiments should be as carefully controlled as possible, in order to avoid confounding variables. Question 13

Your textbook discusses the early history of cognitive psychology. According to this discussion, Select one: a. Wilhelm Wundt emphasized that introspection could provide useful information, if the participants were well trained. b. William James suggested that our everyday cognitive processes are passive, rather than active. c. Mary Whiton Calkins studied people’s introspections about nonsense words. d. Hermann Ebbinghaus opposed cognitive psychology because it did not pay enough attention to emotions. Question 14

Suppose that a psychologist writes an article on children's acquisition of gender stereotypes. Which of the following article titles would be most consistent with the cognitive approach? Select one: a. "Children's memory for gender-consistent information" b. "How early emotional reactions to parents influence later gender stereotypes" c. X"The effects of classical conditioning on children's emotional reactions to gender stereotypes" d. "How parents' reinforcement of behaviours shapes stereotypes" Question 15

Metacognition refers to Select one: a. the use of computers to model human cognitive activity. b. a technique that records brief fluctuations in the brain’s electrical activity. c. your thoughts about your cognitive processes. d. the application of cognitive psychology in everyday, naturalistic situations. Question 16

An operational definition is most likely to Select one: a. point out alternative explanations for the results of a study. b. examine the correlation between two well-established variables. c. describe precisely how the researchers will measure a particular concept. d. adopt an information-processing approach, rather than a behaviourist approach. Question 17

During the late 1960s, psychologists began to favour the cognitive approach because they felt that the behaviourist approach Select one: a. placed too much emphasis on concepts such as reinforcement and observable responses. b. overused Wundt’s technique of introspection. c. emphasized unobservable cognitive processes.

d. devoted too much research to the organization of memory. Question 18

Which of the following early psychologists conducted research that could provide the most information about how people remember complex events in everyday life? Select one: a. Frederic C. Bartlett b. XMary Whiton Calkins c. William James d. Hermann Ebbinghaus Question 19

A psychologist who favours the gestalt approach would be most likely to criticize the fact that behaviourists Select one: a. pay too much attention to insight. b. ignore the context in which a behaviour occurs. c. overemphasize introspection. d. are not sufficiently rigorous in designing their psychological research. Question 20

According to the first chapter in your textbook, research in cognitive neuroscience Select one: a. often obtains brain images while people are working on a cognitive task. b. is currently most likely to explore cognitive processes using the brain-lesion method. c. shows that most cognitive processes can be traced to a specific location in the brain. d. has declined in its popularity during the past 10 to 15 years.

Question 21

Mark 4/5

Define the information-processing approach as presented in the text. Describe the AtkinsonShiffrin model of memory,and explain how it is an example of the information-processing approach. 1.

The information -processing approach has two parts to it, one that that explains how we use have mental processes that compare to that of a computer operations system and the other that like a computer each stage of code leads to the next stage of interpretation of the information (our cognitive system). This idea was what lead Akinson-Shiffrin to the idea that as we as humans use our memory, we too build on the previous piece of memory information to move forward. They Atkinson and Shiffrin built a Model of Memory the shows our External Input of sensory memory, flowing into our short term 'working memory' which then accumulates with our storage in our Long term memory which remains relatively permanent in nature. Question 22 Mark 4.00 out of 5.00

Question text

Describe the connectionist approach, including the origins of the approach, its basic characteristics, and reactions to the approach. What are some other names for this approach? 1.

This approach is designed on the idea that learning happens when stimuli and responses form connections. It is a process that uses words like 'networks' to define units of herons, that are working simutaneously adn in a parallel pattern to perform operations. it is sometimes also referred to a s teh neural network approach. It is interesting that the text uses this approach in its discussion of AI and the ideal in doing so we will be better able to understand the human brains workings at a neon level in relation to memory and learning....