Unit 1 Review - Lecture notes Unit 1 PDF

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Biology: Science of Life BIOL 120: Unit 1: The Nature of Science, Review What is Biology? Describe the characteristics of life. (first lecture)       

Individuals - Organized, cells/molecules Energy - Get/use Genetic info - DNA, inheritance Continuity - Same molecules, unit of origin Reproduce - Sexual/asexual Homeostasis Groups - Diversity - Evolution

Scientific Method Describe the characteristics of a scientific hypothesis.    

Observation: scientists make an observation that leads them to a… A question they want to answer Hypothesis: an idea about 'how things work’ Must be testable and falsifiable

Describe a controlled experiment.  

Used to ensure that experiment is unbiased The control group is the subject/group that is similar in every way to the experimental subject/group except that the control group DOES NOT get the experimental treatment

Distinguish between primary and secondary sources.  

Primary: scientist who writes paper, scientists who peer review, authors who revise Secondary: Media and comments from other scientists that are published in subsequent volumes of the journal

How do we try to eliminate bias?  

Random selection Double blind experiments

Know the following terms & how they relate to the scientific method: Double-blind experiment: When both scientists and subjects are unaware of control group; helps eliminate bias Correlation studies: Used when placebo treatments are impractical or unethical; look at existing data to find a correlation Alternative hypotheses: ?

Statistical significance: Result represents true difference Scientific theory: If there is an abundance of evidence, then the idea may be referred to as a theory; well supported by observation and experiment

Water What is pH? Why is pH important for life? 

pH measures the amount of H+ in a solution, many things survive better when in a neutral (7) level, everything is balanced specifically, organic/inorganic

Describe the physical and chemical properties of water. What’s the difference between adhesion and cohesion? 

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Chemical: polar molecule: created when the oxygen atoms pull all the electrons of the water molecule away from the hydrogen atoms, this creates a charge separation, where the oxygen end is slightly negative, and each hydrogen is positive, therefore the water molecule is overall NEUTRAL Physical: water is a liquid at moderate temperatures, water molecules cohere (stick to each other), water can dissolve other substances (due to polarity), water molecules adhere (sticks to other substances, wetting them), water can hold a lot of heat Cohesion: stick to itself Adhesion: sticks to other things

Macromolecules Describe carbohydrate structures (i.e. monomer and polymers) and function(s).  

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Source: sugars and starches Polymer: A; glycogen (energy storage, stored in liver/muscle, fungi), starch (sugar is stored as starch in plants) B; cellulose (plant cell walls), chitin (exoskeletons of insects, spiders, lobsters, cells of fungi), peptidoglycan (bacteria cell walls) Monomer: quick energy Polymer: energy storage, structure

Describe protein basic structure (i.e. monomer and polymer) and function(s)

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Amino acids Polypeptide: long chain of amino acids, have 1 or more. Need shape to function, cell processes, cell messengers, antibodies, enzymes

Describe lipid structures (i.e. polymers) and function(s).     

Fats and oils Building blocks: fatty acids A; triglycerides (vegetable oil and animal fat, stored in fat cells, saturated/unsaturated) B; steroids (animals, fungi, plants. Cholesterol (animals) used to build cells and certain hormones (sex- estrogen/testosterone) C; phospholipids (hydrophilic/hydrophobic)

Describe nucleic acid structures (i.e. monomer and polymers) and function(s).   

Nucleotides A; DNA (store hereditary info) B; RNA (helps DNA process info, helps synthesize proteins)

4 MAJOR DIFFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.

Number of strands (RNA1, DNA2) Nucleotides (DNA deoxyribose, RNA ribose) Sugar Function

Cells What is Cell Theory? 1. All known living things are made up of cells 2. The cell is structural and functional unit of all living things 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells by division Describe the basic differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and between animal and plant cells. Prokaryotic: bacteria Eukaryotic: animal, plant, fungus All have plasma membrane Only E has nucleus All have DNA Only E has mitochondria Plant has chloroplasts, some bacteria  

All have ribosomes Animal have lysosomes, some plant All have cytoskeletal elements Bacteria, plant, fungus have cell wall

Know the following terms: Enzyme: Catalysts, speeds up process, vitamins Nucleus: Contains DNA of E cells, does not exist in P cells Ribosome: Site of protein production, aka translation Mitochondrion: site of cellular respiration, powerhouse of cell Chloroplast: site of photosynthesis, light energy to food energy

Lysosome: containers of digestive enzymes, housekeepers, part of endomembrane system Cell Wall: rigid support structure, no control of transport Cytoskeleton: structural framework for cell, assists in movement Cell Membrane: Protection and communication, phospholipid bilayer, many proteins

Passive Diffusion (Simple Diffusion & Facilitated Transport) Active Diffusion (including endocytosis & exocytosis)     

Passive: Simple (with concentration gradient, no ATP, no protein helps, breathing) Passive: Facilitated (with concentration gradient, no ATP, yes protein) Active: (against concentration, yes ATP required because solvent moves against gradient, yes protein, digestion) Endocytosis: requires ATP (phagocytosis; takes in food particles, pinocytosis; takes in liquid particles) Exocytosis: getting out

Respiration, Digestion, Metabolism What is the job of respiration, digestion, and metabolism? What is required for each?   

Digestion: active transport, breaking down of food products into smaller compounds. Requires enzymes, macronutrients, micronutrients. Metabolism: physical/chemical processes un the body that convert or use energy. Requires water, enzymes, calories. Respiration: glucose is broken down and energy is released for use by the cell and life processes. Requires oxygen, glucose, enzymes.

Why is ATP important?   

ATP: adenosine triphosphate Negatively charged phosphates of ATP are unstable ATP releases one of its phosphates and becomes ADP (adenosine triphosphate) + energy, this releases 7.3 kcal...