Unit 4 Study Guide Answer KEY2 PDF

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UNIT 44:: SENSATION AN AND D PERCEPTION BASIC P PRINCIPLES RINCIPLES OF SEN SENSATION SATION AN AND D PERCEPTION OBJECTIVE 1: Contrast ssensation ensation and per perception, ception, and expla explain in the differe difference nce between bot bottom tom tom-up -up and top-d top-down own processing. 1. The perceptual disorder in which a person has lost the ability to recognize familiar faces is ____PROSOPAGNOSIA PROSOPAGNOSIA PROSOPAGNOSIA_____. 2. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals is ____SENSATION SENSATION SENSATION_____. The process by which sensations are organized and interpreted is ____PE PE PERCEPTI RCEPTI RCEPTION ON ON____. 3. Sensory analysis, which starts at entry level and works up, is called _____BOTTO BOTTO BOTTOM M_____ - _____UP UP________ _____PROCESSING PROCESSING PROCESSING_____. Perceptual analysis, which works from our experience and expectations is called ____TOP TOP______ - ___DOWN_______ ___PROCESSING PROCESSING PROCESSING____. OBJECTIVE 2: Discuss how our perceptions are directed and limited by selective attention, not noting ing how we may or may not be affected b byy unattended stimuli. 4. When we focus our conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, we are using ___SELECTIVE SELECTIVE SELECTIVE______ ___ATTENTION ATTENTION ATTENTION______. 5. Your ability to attend to only one voice among many is called the ____COCKTAIL COCKTAIL ____ ____PARTY _______ ____EFFECT EFFECT EFFECT____. Failing to see a visible object when our attention is directed elsewhere is called ___INATTENTI INATTENTI INATTENTIONAL ONAL_____ ___BLINDNESS____. 6. When researchers distracted participants with a counting task, the participants displayed __INATTENTION INATTENTION INATTENTIONAL AL AL____ ____BLINDNESS BLINDNESS BLINDNESS____ and failed to notice a gorilla-suited assistant who passed through. Two specific forms of this phenomenon are __CHANGE CHANGE CHANGE_____ __BLINDNES BLINDNES BLINDNESS S______ and ___CHOICE CHOICE______ ____BLINDNESS _____. Another result of distraction involves not noticing that different people are speaking, called ____CHAN CHAN CHANGE GE GE____ ____DEAFNESS DEAFNESS DEAFNESS____. 7. Some stimuli are so powerful they demand our attention, causing us to experience ____POP POP POP_____ - ___OUT_____. OBJECTIVE 3: Distingu Distinguish ish between absolute and differe difference nce thresholds, and d discuss iscuss whethe whetherr we can se sense nse and be affected b byy subliminal or unchan unchanging ging stimuli. 8. The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them is ____PSYCHOPHYSIC PSYCHOPHYSICS S___. 9. The __ABSOLUTE ABSOLUTE ABSOLUTE_______ ___THRES THRES THRESHOLD HOLD HOLD____ refers to the minimum stimulation necessary for a stimulus to be detected ____50 50 50_____ percent of the time. 10. According to ___SIGNAL SIGNAL SIGNAL_____ ___DETECTI DETECTI DETECTION ON___ theory, a person’s experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness all influence the detection of a stimulus.

11. Some entrepreneurs claim that exposure to “below threshold,” or ___SUBLIMINA SUBLIMINA SUBLIMINAL L____, stimuli can be persuasive, but their claims are probably unwarranted. 12. Some weak stimuli may trigger in our sensory receptors a response that is processed by the brain, even though the response doesn’t cross the threshold into ___CONSCIOUS CONSCIOUS CONSCIOUS___ awareness. 13. Under certain conditions, an invisible image or word can __PRIME PRIME PRIME____ into a person’s response to a later question. This illustrates that much of our information processing occurs ___AUTOMATICA AUTOMATICA AUTOMATICALLY LLY LLY___. 14. The minimum difference required to distinguish two stimuli 50 percent of the time is called the ___DIFFERENCE _____ ___THRESH THRESHOLD OLD___. Another term for this value is the ___JUST JUST JUST____ ____NOTICEABLE NOTICEABLE NOTICEABLE_____ ___DIFFERENCE DIFFERENCE (J (JND) ND) ND)___. 15. The principle that the difference threshold is not a constant amount, but a constant proportion, is known as ____WEBER’S WEBER’S WEBER’S_____ ___LAW LAW_____. The proportion depends on the ___STIMU STIMU STIMULUS LUS LUS____. 16. After constant exposure to an unchanging stimulus, the receptor cells of our senses begin to fire less vigorously; this phenomenon is called ___SENSORY SENSORY SENSORY____ ___ADAPTATION ADAPTATION ADAPTATION_____. VISION OBJECTIVE 4: Describe the characteristics of visible light, and explain the process by which the eye conv converts erts light energy into neural me messages. ssages. 1. Stimulus energy is ___TRANS TRANS TRANSDUCED DUCED DUCED_____ (transformed) into ____NEURAL NEURAL NEURAL______ messages by our eyes. 2. The visible spectrum of light is a small portion of the larger spectrum of ___ELECTROMAGNETI ELECTROMAGNETI ELECTROMAGNETIC C___ energy. 3. The distance from one light wave peak to the next is called ___WAVELENGT WAVELENGT WAVELENGTH H____. This value determines the wave’s color, or ____HUE HUE HUE______. 4. The amount of energy in light waves, or ___INTENSITY INTENSITY INTENSITY____, is determined by a wave’s ___AMPLITUDE AMPLITUDE AMPLITUDE____, or height, influences the ___BRIGHTNESS BRIGHTNESS BRIGHTNESS____ of a light. 5. Light enters the eye through the __ CORNEA _____, then passes through a small opening called the ___PUPIL PUPIL PUPIL______; the size of this opening is controlled by the colored ____IRIS IRIS IRIS______. 6. By changing its curvature, the ___LENS LENS LENS_______ can focus the image of an object onto the ____RETIN RETIN RETINA A______, the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye. 7. The process by which the lens changes shape to focus images is called ___AC AC ACCOMMODATI COMMODATI COMMODATION ON ON___. 8. The retina’s receptor cells are the ____RO RO RODS DS DS______ and ____CONES CONES CONES_____.

9. The neural signals produced in the rods and cones activate the neighboring ___BIP BIP BIPOLAR OLAR OLAR_____ cells, which then activate a network of ___GANG GANG GANGLION LION LION_____ cells. The axons of ganglion cells converge to form the ____OPTIC OPTIC______ ____NE NERVE RVE___, which carries the visual information to the ___BRAIN BRAIN BRAIN______. 10. Where this nerve leaves the eye, there are no receptors; thus, the area is called the ____BLIND BLIND BLIND______ ____SPOT SPOT SPOT____. 11. Most cones are clustered around the retina’s point of central focus, called the _____FOVEA FOVEA FOVEA_______, whereas the rods are concentrated in more ____PERIPHERAL PERIPHERAL PERIPHERAL_____ regions of the retina. Many cones have their own ___BIPO BIPO BIPOLAR LAR LAR_____ cells to communicate with the visual cortex. 12. It is the ____CONES CONES CONES______ (rods/cones) of the eye that permit the perception of color, whereas ____RODS RODS RODS_____ (rods/cones) enable black-and-white vision. 13. Unlike cones, in dim light rods are ____SEN SEN SENSITIVE SITIVE SITIVE_____ (sensitive/insensitive). Adapting to a darkened room will take the retina approximately ____20 20 20_______ minutes. OBJECTIVE 5: Discuss the different leve levels ls of proces processing sing that occur as infor information mation travels fro from m the rretina etina to the brain’s cortex. 14. Visual information percolates through progressively more ____ABSTRACT ABSTRACT ABSTRACT______ levels. In the brain, it is routed by the ___THALAMU THALAMU THALAMUS S____ to the cortex. Hubel and Wiesel discovered that certain neurons in the occipital lobe’s ___VISUAL VISUAL_____ ____CORTEX____ respond only to specific features of what is viewed. They call these neurons ___FEATURE FEATURE _____ ____DETECTORS____. 15. Feature detectors pass their information to higher-level cells in the brain, which respond to specific visual scenes. Research has shown that in monkey brains such cells specialize in responding to a specific ____GAZE GAZE GAZE________, ____HEAD HEAD_____ _____ANGLE____, ____POSTURE______, or ____B BODY______ ____MOVEMENT_______. In many cortical areas, teams of cells (____SUPE SUPE SUPERCELL RCELL RCELL_____ ____CLUSTERS CLUSTERS CLUSTERS_____) respond to complex patterns.

OBJECTIVE 6: Define parallel proc processing, essing, and discuss its role in visual infor information mation processin processing. g. 16. The brain achieves its remarkable speed in visual perception by processing several subdivisions of a stimulus ____________________ (simultaneously/sequentially). This procedure, called ____________________ ____________________, may explain why people who have suffered a stroke may lose just one aspect of vision.

17. Other brain-damaged people may demonstrate ____BLINDSIGHT BLINDSIGHT BLINDSIGHT_____ by responding to a stimulus that is not consciously perceived. OBJECTIVE 7: Explain ho how w the Young Young-Helmho -Helmho -Helmholtz ltz and opponent opponent-process the theories ories help us under understand stand color vision vision.. 18. An object appears to be red in color because it ___REFLECTS REFLECTS (REJECT (REJECTS) S) S)______ the long wavelengths of red and because our mental _____CONST CONST CONSTRUCTION RUCTION RUCTION____ of the color. 19. One out of every 50 people is color deficient; this is usually a male because the defect is genetically _____SEX SEX______ - ___LINKED___. 20. According to the ____YOUNG YOUNG YOUNG______ ___HELMHOLTZ HELMHOLTZ _____ ___TRICHROMAT TRICHROMATIC IC___ theory, the eyes have three types of color receptors: one reacts most strongly to ___RED RED RED_______, one to ___GREE GREE GREEN N_______, and one to ___BLUE BLUE BLUE____. 21. After staring at a green square for a while, you will see the color red, its ___OPP OPP OPPONENT ONENT ONENT_____ color, as an __AFTERIMAGE AFTERIMAGE AFTERIMAGE___. 22. Hering’s theory of color vision is called the ___OPPONENT OPPONENT____ - ____PROCE PROCESS SS_____ theory. According to this theory, after visual information leaves the receptors it is analyzed in terms of pairs of opposing colors: ____RED _____ versus ___GREEN GREEN GREEN____, ___YELLOW YELLOW YELLOW___ versus __BLUE BLUE___, and ____BLACK BLACK______ versus ___WHITE ____. Summarize the two stages of color processing. IN THE FIR FIRST ST STAGE OF CO COLOR LOR PROCES PROCESSING, SING, THE RETINA’ RETINA’S S RED, GREEN AND BLUE CONES RESPOND IN VA VARYING RYING DEGRES DEGRESS S TO DIFFERENT COLO COLOR R STIMULI, AS SUGGESTED BY THE THREE THREE-COLOR -COLOR THEO THEORY. RY. THE RESU RESULTING LTING SIGNALS ARE THEN PROCE PROCESSED SSED IN THE THALAMU THALAMUS S BY RED RED-GREEN, -GREEN, BL BLUEUEYELLOW, AN AND D BLACK-W BLACK-WHITE HITE OPPONEN OPPONENT-PROCE T-PROCE T-PROCESS SS CELLS, WHICH ARE TURNED ““ON” ON” BY ONE W WAVELENGTH AVELENGTH AND TURNED “OF “OFF” F” BY IT ITS S OPPONENT. HEARING OBJECTIVE 8: Describe the auditory proces process, s, including the stimulus input and the str structure ucture and function of the ear. 1. The stimulus for hearing, or ___AUDITION AUDITION AUDITION____ is sound waves, created by the compression and expansion of ____AI AIR R______ ___MOLECULES MOLECULES____. 2. The amplitude of a sound wave determines the sound’s ___LOUDNESS LOUDNESS LOUDNESS_____. 3. The frequency of a sound wave determines the ____PITCH PITCH PITCH____ we perceive. 4. Sound energy is measured in units called ___DECIBELS DECIBELS DECIBELS_____. The absolute threshold for hearing is arbitrarily defined as ___ZERO ___ such units. 5. The ear is divided into three main parts: the ___OUTER OUTER______ ear, the ___MIDD MIDDLE LE_____ ear and the ___INNER INNER INNER______ ear.

6. The outer ear channels sound waves toward the ___EARDRUM EARDRUM EARDRUM_____, a tight membrane that then vibrates. 7. The middle ear transmits the vibrations through a piston made of three small bones: the ___HAMMER HAMMER HAMMER____, ____ANVIL ANVIL_____, and ____STIRRUP ____. 8. In the inner ear, a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube called the ___COCHLEA COCHLEA COCHLEA____ contains the receptor cells for hearing. The incoming vibrations cause the ____OV OV OVAL AL AL______ ____WINDOW WINDOW WINDOW____ to vibrate the fluid that fills the tube, which causes ripples in the ____BASILAR BASILAR BASILAR____ __MEMBRANE MEMBRANE ___, bending the ____HAIR _____ ___CELLS CELLS CELLS_____ that line its surface. This movement triggers impulses in the adjacent nerve fibers that converge to form the auditory nerve, which carries the neural messages (via the ___THALAMU THALAMUS S____) to the ___TEMPORAL TEMPORAL TEMPORAL______ lobe’s auditory cortex. 9. The brain interprets loudness from the ___NUMBER NUMBER NUMBER_____ of hair cells a sound activates. OBJECTIVE 9: Contrast p place lace and freque frequency ncy theories theories,, and explain how the theyy help us to under understand stand pitch per perception. ception. 10. One theory of pitch perception proposes that different pitches activate different places on the cochlea’s basilar membrane; this is the ___PLACE PLACE PLACE_______ theory. This theory has difficulty accounting for how we hear _____LOW LOW LOW______-pitched sounds, which do not have such localized effects. 11. A second theory proposes that the frequency of neural impulses, sent to the brain at the same frequency as sound waves, allows the perception of different pitches. This is the ____FREQUENCY FREQUENCY FREQUENCY_____ theory. This theory fails to account for the perception of _____HIGH HIGH HIGH________pitched sounds because individual neurons cannot fire faster than ___1,000 1,000 1,000_______ times per second. 12. For the higher pitches, cells my alternate their firing to match the sound’s frequency, according to the ___VOLLEY VOLLEY VOLLEY______ principle. OBJECTIVE 10 10:: Describe how we p pinpoint inpoint sounds, and contrast the two types of hearin hearing g loss. 13. We locate a sound by sensing differences in the __SPEED SPEED (TIMING) __ and ____INTEN INTENSITY SITY__ with which it reaches our ears. 14. A sound that comes from directly ahead will be _____HARDER HARDER HARDER______ (easier/harder) to locate than a sound that comes from off to one side. 15. Problems in the mechanical conduction of sound waves through the outer or middle ear may cause ___CONDUCTION CONDUCTION _____ ____HEARING____ _____LOSS LOSS LOSS_______. 16. Damage to the cochlea’s hair cell receptors or their associated auditory nerves can cause ____SENSIONEURAL SENSIONEURAL SENSIONEURAL______ hearing loss. It may be caused by disease, but more often it results from the

biological changes linked with _____AGING AGING AGING___ and prolonged exposure to ear-splitting noise or music. OBJECTIVE 11 11:: Describe how cochlear iimplants mplants func function, tion, and explain why Deaf cculture ulture advocates object tto o these devices devices.. 17. An electronic device that restores hearing among nervedeafened people is a __COCHLEA COCHLEA COCHLEAR R______ ____IMPLANT IMPLANT IMPLANT_____. 18. Advocates of ____DEAF DEAF______ ___CULTURE _____ object to the use of these implants on ____CHILDREN CHILDREN CHILDREN______ before they have learned to ______SPEAK SPEAK SPEAK______. The basis for their argument is that deafness is not a ___DISABILITY DISABILITY DISABILITY____. 19. Sign language ____IS IS IS____ (is/is not) a complete language, ____WITH WITH WITH_______ (with/without) its own grammar, syntax, and semantics. People who lose one channel of sensation (such as hearing) __SEEM SEEM TO TO_____ (seem to/do not seem to) compensate with a slight enhancement in their other sensory abilities. 20. (Close-Up) Deaf children raised in a household where sign language is used express higher __SELF-E SELF-E SELF-ESTEEM STEEM STEEM____ and feel more ___ACCEP ACCEP ACCEPTED TED TED_____. OTHER SEN SENSES SES OBJECTIVE 12 12:: Describe the sense of tou touch, ch, and distinguish between kinest kinesthesis hesis and the ve vestibular stibular sens sense. e. 1. The sense of touch is a mixture of at least four senses: ___PRESSURE PRESSURE_____, ____WAR WARMTH MTH______, _____COLD COLD______, and _____PAIN_______. Other skin sensations, such as tickle, itch, hot, and wetness are ____VARIATIONS VARIATIONS VARIATIONS_____ of the basic ones. 2. The ____TOP TOP TOP_____ - ___DOWN DOWN ____ influence on touch is illustrated by the fact that a self-produced tickle produces less activation in the ___SOMATOSENS SOMATOSENS SOMATOSENSORY ORY ORY____ ___CORTEX CORTEX CORTEX_____ than someone else’s tickle. This influence is also seen in the ___RUBBER RUBBER RUBBER______ ____HAND HAND HAND______ illusion. 3. The system for sensing the position and movement of body parts is called ___KINESTHESIS KINESTHESIS KINESTHESIS___. The receptors for this sense are located in the ___TENDONS TENDONS TENDONS______, ___JOINTS JOINTS____, ____BONES_____, and ____EARS ______, as well as in your skin. 4. The sense that monitors the position and movement of the head (and thus the body) is the ___VESTIBULAR VESTIBULAR VESTIBULAR_____ ____SENSE SENSE SENSE______. The receptors for this sense are located in the ____SEMICI SEMICI SEMICIRCULAR RCULAR___ ___CANALS______ and __VESTIBULAR VESTIBULAR ___ ___SACS____ of the inner ear. OBJECTIVE 13 13:: State the purpose of pai pain, n, and describe the biopsychosoc biopsychosocial ial approach to pain pain.. 5. People born without the ability to feel pain may be unaware of experiencing severe __II NJURY NJURY___. More numerous are those who live with __CHRONIC CHRONIC ____ pain in the form of persistent headaches and backaches, for example.

6. Pain is a property of our __PH PH PHYSI YSI YSIOLOG OLOG OLOGY Y____ as well as our __EXPERIENCES EXPERIENCES EXPERIENCES____ and ____ATTENTI ATTENTION ON ON___, and our surrounding ___CULT CULT CULTURE URE URE_____. 7. The pain system ____IS IS NOT NOT_____ (is/is not) triggered by one specific type of physical energy. The body has specialized __NOC NOC NOCICEPTORS ICEPTORS ICEPTORS___ that detect hurtful stimuli. 8. Melzack and Wall have proposed a theory of pain called the ____GATE_____ - ____CONTROL ____ theory, which proposes that there is a neurological ____GATE GATE GATE______ in the ____SPINAL SPINAL______ ____CORD_____ that blocks pain signals or lets them through. It may be opened by activation of ____SMALL SMALL SMALL____ (small/large) nerve fibers and closed by the activation of ____LARGE LARGE LARGE_______ (small/large) fibers or by information from the ____BRAIN BRAIN BRAIN_____. 9. Pain-producing brain activity may be triggered with our without ___SENSO SENSO SENSORY RY RY______ _____INPUT INPUT_______. 10. A sensation of pain in an amputated leg is referred to as ____PHANTOM PHANTOM______ ____LIMB_______. Another example is ___TINNI TINNI TINNITUS TUS TUS___, experienced by people who have a ringing-in-the-ears sensation. List some pain control techniques used in health care situations. PAIN CONT CONTROL ROL TECHNIQUE TECHNIQUES S INCLUDE DR DRUGS, UGS, SURGERY, ACUPUNCTU ACUPUNCTURE, RE, THOUGHT D DISTRACTIO ISTRACTIO ISTRACTION, N, EXERCISE, HYPNOSIS, RELAXATION TRAINING, ELECT ELECTRICAL RICAL STIMULATI STIMULATION, ON, AND MASSAGE. SIMILA SIMILARLY, RLY, FOR BURN VICTIMS, D DISTRACTION ISTRACTION DURING PAINFU PAINFUL L WOULD CARE CA CAN N BE CREATED B BY Y IMMERSION IN A COMP COMPUTER UTER UTER-GENERATED -GENERATED 3-D WORL WORLD. D. OBJECTIVE 14 14:: Descr Describe ibe the senses of ttaste aste and sme smell, ll, and comment on the nature of sensor sensoryy interaction. 11. The basic taste sensations are __SWEET SWEET SWEET____, ___SOUR SOUR______, ____SALTY_____, _____BITTER_____, and a meaty taste called ____UMAMI UMAMI UMAMI_____. 12. Taste, which is a ___CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL______ sense, is enabled by the 200 or more ____TASTE TASTE______ ___BUDS_______ on the top and sides of the tongue. Each contains a ____PORE PORE PORE_____ that catches food chemicals. 13. Taste receptors reproduce themselves every ____WEEK WEEK OR TWO TWO_____. As we age, the number of taste buds _____DECREASES DECREASES DECREASES_____ (increases/decreases/remains unchanged) and our taste sensitivity ___DECREASES DECREASES DECREASES_____ (increases/decreases/remains unchanged). Taste is also affected by ____SMOKING SMOKING SMOKING_____ and by ___ALCOHOL__ use. 14. When the sense of smell is blocked, as when we have a cold, foods do not taste the same; this illustrates th...