US History The New South and The New West PDF

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Lecture notes on The New South and The New West in Dr. Lands United States History Since 1877 class....

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USHi s t o r yCh a p t e r1 8:Th eNe wSo u t ha ndt h eNe wWe s t Foc usQue s t i on s 1 . )I nwh a twa y sd i da" Ne wSo ut h "e me r g ee c on omi c a l l yi nt hel a t e19 t hc e nt u r y ? Du et ot h ed e s t r u c t i ono ft h eSo ut hd u r i n gt heCi v i lWa r ,t heSou t hh a dt ober e bu i l t . Ba nk e r sa n d fin a n c e r si nAme r i c aa n dEu r o pet oo ka d v a n t a g eo ft h i st oi n v e s ti nt h eSo u t h . He nr yGr a d y( t hep o we r f u lma na g i n ge di t o roft h eAt l a n t aCo ns t i t u t i o n ,s a wt h eNe wSo u t h b e c o mi n g" ape r f e c td e mo c r a c y"o fs ma l lf a r ms ,c omp l e me nt e dmi l l s ,mi ne s ,f a c t or i e s ,a ndc i t i e s . Hec l a i me dt h es o ut hwo ul db e c o mear e a ld e mo c r a c y ,n ol on g e rr u nb yt hep l a nt e ra r i s t o c r a c yor d e p e n d e n tu p ons l a v el a b or . Th ec h i e fa c c omp l i s hme nto ft h eNe wSo ut h ' se ffor tt oi n d us t r i a l i z ewa sadr a ma t i ce x pa n s i onof t her e g i on st e x t i l ei nd us t r y .Fr o m 18 80t o19 00 ,t h en umbe roft e x t i l emi l l sg r e wf r o m 16 1t o4 00 , t henu mb e ro fwo r k e r s( p r i ma r i l ywh i t ewo me na n dc h i l dr e n )i nc r e a s e dfiv e f o l d, a n dt hed e ma ndf o r c o t t o ni nc r e a s e de i gh t f o l d .7 0% o fmi l lwo r k e r swe r eun d e r2 1 ,a ndma n ywe r eu nd e rt h ea g eo f1 4. Ea c hd u s k t oda wnd a y ,wo r k e r swe r ep a i dfiv ec e n t s .By1 90 0,t h eSo u t hha ds u r p a s s e dNe w En g l a n da st h el a r g e s tpr od u c e rofc o t t o nf a b r i ci nt hen a t i on . To ba c c og r o wi n ga n dc i g a r e t t epr od u c t i o na l s os o a r e di nt h eNe wSou t h.Es s e nt i a lt ot h er i s eo ft h e Tob a c c oI n du s t r ywa st h eDu k eFa mi l yo fDu r ha m,NC.TheDu k e swe n tf r o ms ma l ls a l e so f p r o du c t i ont os p e n d i n gmi l l i o nso na d v e r t i s i n ga n dp e r f e c t i n gt h eme c ha ni z e dp r od u c t i o no f c i g a r e t t e s .Th eDu k e su s e dh or i z on t a li n t e gr a t i o nt odo mi n a t et h et ob a c c oi n du s t r y .J a me sBu c ha na n Duk ebo u g hth i sc o mpe t i t o r si nt ot h eAme r i c a nTob a c c oComp a n y( c on t r o l l i n g90 % oft h et o ba c c o ma r k e t ) . Co a lpr o du c t i ong r e wf r om5mi l l i ont on si n18 7 5t o49mi l l i o nt on sb y1 90 0a l o n gt he App a l a c h i a nMo un t a i n s .Att h es ou t he r ne n do ft h emou n t a i n s ,Bi r mi n gh a m,ALs p r a n gu pi nt he 1 87 0s ,mos t l yi npa r to ft h ema s s i v ede po s i t so fi r ono r ei nt hes u r r ou nd i n gr i d g e s ,l e a d i n gbo os t e r s t ol a b e lt h es t e e l ma ki n gc i t yt h e" Pi t t s b ur go ft h eSo u t h . " Du et oi n c r e a s e dur b a n i z a t i o n/ i nd us t r i a l i z a t i o n ,t hen e e df o rho u s i n gi n c r e a s e d,b o os t i n gt h e l u mbe r i n gi nd us t r y .Th el umbe r i n gi n d us t r yq ui c kl ybe c a met hef a s t e s tg r o wi n gi nd u s t r yi nt he So u t h .By1 9 00 ,l u mb e rha ds u r p a s s e dt e x t i l e si na na n n ua le c on omi cv a l u e . St i l l ,f o ra l lofi t sa d v a n c e s ,t heSou t hc o n t i n ue dt ol a gb e hi n dt her e s to ft h en a t i o ni ni n du s t r i a l d e v e l o pme n t . De s pi t et h ede v e l o p me ntofmi l l sa ndf a c t o r i e s ,t heSou t hi n1 90 0r e ma i n e dt h el e a s ti nd us t r i a l , l e a s tur b a n ,l e a s te du c a t e d,a n dl e a s tp r o s p e r o usr e gi o ni nt hen a t i on . Byt h e1 88 0s ,c ot t o nh a dd e c r e a s e di nv a l ue .Fa r me r swe r epr o du c i n gj u s ta smu c hc o t t ona st he y we r e ,b utf o ras ma l l e rp r i c e ,c a us i n gt h e mt ol o s emon e y .

Th eRe de e me r s : He nr yGr a d y ' sv i s i ono faNe wSou t hc e l e b r a t e dt h eRe d e e me r s ,t h ec on s e r v a t i v e ,p r ob us i ne s s ,wh i t epo l i t i c i a nsi nt h eDe moc r a t i cPa r t ywh oha de mb r a c e dt hei d e ao fi n du s t r i a l p r o gr e s sg r o un de di nwh i t es u pr e ma c y .Th e i rs u pp or t e r sc a l l e dt he mt heRe d e e me r sb e c a us e t he y" r e d e e me d "t h eSo u t hf r om Ya n k e ed o mi n a t i o na n d" b l a c kr u l e "d u r i n gRe c o n s t r uc t i on . Th eRe d e e me r si nc l ud e dl a wy e r s ,me r c h a n t s ,r a i l r o a de x e c ut i v e s ,a nde n t r e pr e ne ur swh o wa n t e damo r edi v e r s i fie de c o no my .Th e ya l s os o u gh tc ut si ns t a t et a x e sa n de xp e n di t ur e s ( s c ho o l s ) .

2 . )Wh a twa st h ec r o pl i e ns y s t e mt h a te me r g e di nt heSou t ha n dh o wdi di ts ha pet h er e g i ona f t e rt h ec i v i l wa r ? Be c a us emos ts o ut h e r nc ommun i t i e sh a dn ob a nk sa f t e rt h eCi v i lWa r ,p e o p l eha dt ofin dwa y st o o pe r a t ewi t hl i t t l eorn oc a s h .Ma n yr ur a la r e a sa d op t e daba r t e re c on omyi nwh i c ha" c r o s s r o a d s "o r " f ur n i s hi n g "me r c ha ntwo u l dpr o v i def o od ,c l o t h i n g ,s e e d,f e r t i l i z e r ,a ndo t h e ri t e mst op oo rf a r me r s " onc r e di t "i ne x c h a n g ef o ras ha r e( or" l i e n" )o ft h e i rc r o pswhe nha r v e s t e d . So u t h e r nf a r me r s ,wh i t ea ndb l a c k,wh opa r t i c i pa t e di nt h ec r o p l i e ns y s t e mf e l li nt ot h r e edi s t i nc t c a t e g or i e s :s ma l lf a r mo wn e r s ,s ha r e c r o pp e r s ,a n dt e n a nt s . Sha r e c r o pp e r s :mo s t l yb l a c k swh oh a dno t hi n gt ooffe rb u tt h e i rl a b or ,wor k e da no wn e r ' s l a ndi nr e t ur nf o rs he l t e r ,s e e d ,f e r t i l i z e r ,mul e s ,s up p l i e s ,f o od a ndas h a r eo ft h ec r op , g e n e r a l l ya b ou th a l f . Sha r et e na n t s :mo s t l ywh i t ef a r me r swhowe r eb a r e l ybe t t e ro ff,mi gh th a v eha dt he i ro wn mu l eorh o r s e ,ap l o wa n dt o o l s ,a ndal i neo fc r e d i twi t ht h ec o un t r ys t or e ,bu tt h e ys t i l l n e e de dt or e ntl a n dt of a r m.Af e wpa i di nc a s h,b u tmos tp a i di nas h a r eo ft h e i rc r op s . Th ec r o pl i e ns y s t e m wa ss e l f d e s t r uc t i v e . Se a s o na f t e rs e a s ono fr e p l a nt i n gt h es a mec r o pss t r i pp e d t hes oi lo fi t sf e r t i l i t y .Er o s i o nf r omhe a vyr a i na l o n gwi t hi nf e r t i l i t yl e dt od e s t r u c t i o no ft h e f a r ml a n d .I na d di t i o n,l a n do wne r sr e qu i r e dc r o pp e r sa n dt e n a n t st ogr o won l ya" c a s hc r op , "u s u a l l y t o ba c c oo rc o t t o n .Th i sme a n tt h el a nd l e s sf a r me r sc o u l dn o tg r o wav e g e t a b l eg a r d e n ;t h e yha dt o g e tt h e i rf o odf r o m al o c a lme r c h a n ti ne x c h a n g ef orp r o mi s e dc o t t o n. Th ec r o pl i e ns y s t e m wa sap os t Ci vi lWa rv e r s i o nofe c on o mi cs l a v e r yf orpo orwh i t e sa swe l la s b l a c ks .Thel a n do wne r / me r c h a n tde c i d e dwh a tc r opwo ul db epl a n t e da ndho wi twou l db e c u l t i v a t e d,h a r v e s t e da nds ol d . Sha r e c r o pp e r sa n dt e n a nt swe r ea mo n gt h epo o r e s t( mon e y wi s ea n de d u c a t i o nwi s e )i nt h ena t i on . 3 . )Ho wa n dwh yd i dwh i t es o ut h e r ne r st a k ea wa yAf r i c a nAme r i c a n s ' r i g h tt ov o t ea n da do p t" J i m Cr o w" s e gr e g a t i onl a wsa tt hee n doft h e1 9t hc e nt u r y ? Du r i n gt h e1 89 0s ,whi t ef a r me r sa n dp o l i t i c i a n sd e ma n d e dt h a tb l a c k sbes t r i pp e do ft h e i rv ot i n g r i gh t sa n do t h e rc i vi lr i gh t s .I np a r t ,t h eno wwa v eo fr a c i s mwa ss p ur r e db yt h er e vi v a lo ft h eo l d i d e at h a tt h eAn gl o Sa x on" r a c e "wa sg e n e t i c a l l ya ndi n t e l l e c t ua l l ys up e r i o rt ob l a c k s .An o t h e r r e a s onwa st h a tma n ywh i t e sh a dc omet or e s e nta n ys i gn so fAf r i c a nAme r i c a nfin a n c i a ls u c c e s s a ndp o l i t i c a li n flu e n c e . Mi s s i s s i pp it oo kt hel e a di ns t r i pp i n gb l a c kso ft h e i rr i g ht s .Thes o c a l l e dMi s s i s s i pp iPl a n,as e r i e s o fs t a t ec on s t i t u t i on a la me nd me n t si n1 8 90 ,s e tt hep a t t e r nofdi s e n f r a n c hi s e me n tt h a t9mo r es t a t e s wou l df ol l o w.Thep l a nfir s ti n s t i t u t e dar e s i de n c er e q ui r e me ntf o rv o t i n g( 2y e a r si ns t a t e ,1y e a ri n al o c a le l e c t i o ndi s t r i c t ) .Th i swa sa i me da tAf r i c a nAme r i c a nt e n a ntf a r me r swh owe r ei nt h eh a b i t o fmo v i n gy e a r l yt ol oo kf o rb e t t e re c o no mi cop po r t un i t i e s .Se c on d ,Mi s s i s s i p p id i s q ua l i fie dbl a c ks f r o mv o t i n gi ft he yc o mmi t t e dc e r t a i nc r i me s .Th i r d,i nor d e rt ov o t e ,p e o pl eh a v et oh a v ep a i da l lo f t he i rt a x e so nt i me ,i n c l u di n gas o c a l l e dp o l lt a xf o rv o t i n g( h ur tb o t hp oo rwh i t e sa n dp oo rb l a c ks ) . Fi n a l l y ,a l lv o t e r sa l lv o t e r sha dt or e a dora tl e a s t" un de r s t a n d"t h eUSCo ns t i t ut i on( whi t er e g i s t r a r s d e c i d e dwh os a t i s fie dt h i sr e q ui r e me nt ,o f t e ndi s c r i mi na t i n ga g a i n s tb l a c k s ) . I n1 89 8,Lo ui s i a n aa d d e dt ot h er e q ui r e me nt sf o rv ot i n gt he" gr a nd f a t he rc l a u s e . "By1 9 10 ,GA, NC,VA,AL,a ndOKh a di n c or p or a t e dt h egr a nd f a t h e rc l a u s e Ev e r ys ou t h e r ns t a t eh a daDe mo c r a t i cpr i ma r yp r o c e s st oe l e c tt h ec a n di d a t e s ,a n dmo s to ft h e s e e x c l ud e dAf r i c a nAme r i c a n s . Wh e ns uc h" l e g a l "me a nswe r eno te n ou ght oe n s ur et h e i rp o l i t i c a ldo mi na nc e ,whi t ec a nd i da t e s u s e df r a u da n dv i o l e n c e . Byt h ee n do ft h e19 t hc e n t u r y ,wi de s pr e a dr a c i a ld i s c r i mi na t i on( s e gr e g a t i ono fp u bl i cf a c i l i t i e s , p ub l i cd i s f r a nc h i s e me n t ,a n dv i gi l a n t ej us t i c e )ha de l e v a t e dg o v e r n me nts a n c t i o ne dbi g o t r yt oa n o ffic i a lwa yo fl i f ei nt h eSou t h .

Fr om 1 87 5t o1 8 83 ,i nf a c t ,a n yl o c a lors t a t el a wr e q ui r i n gr a c i a ls e g r e g a t i o nvi o l a t e dt h ef e d e r a l Ci v i lRi g h t sAc t( 1 87 5 ) .By18 83 ,h o we v e r ,ma n yn or t h e r nwhi t e se n do r s e dt h er e s e gr e g a t i o no f s ou t h e r nl i f e .I nt h a ty e a r , t h eUSSu pr e meCo ur tr ul e dt ha tt h eCi v i lRi gh t sAc to f1 87 5wa s u nc o ns t i t u t i on a l .Thej u d g e se x p l a i n e dt h a tp r i v a t ei n di vi d ua l sa n do r g a n i z a t i o nsc o u l de n g a g ei n a c t so fr a c i a ld i s c r i mi na t i onbe c a u s et h e14 t hAme n d me n ts pe c i fie don l yt h a t" noSt a t e "c o u l dde n y c i t i z e nse q ua lp r o t e c t i ono ft h el a w.Th eCo ur t ' si n t e r pr e t a t i o nwa skn o wna st heCi vi lRi gh t sCa s e s ( 18 93 ) .Thed e c i s i oni nt he s ec a s e sv a l i da t e d" s e p a r a t ebu te q u a l ) . Pl e s s yvFe r gu s o n:r a i l r oa dc a r s ,c o ur tr ul e dpr of ors e p a r a t eb u te q ua l . Al o n gwi t hJ i m Cr o wl a ws ,v i o l e n c er o s es i mu l t a n e o us l y . I n1 89 4a n d1 8 96 ,b l a c kv o t e r s ,b yt h e nama j or i t yi nt h ec i t yo fWi l mi n gt o n ,NC,e l e c t e dAf r i c a n Ame r i c a n st ov a r i o u smu ni c i pa lo ffic e s ,i n f u r i a t i n gt h ec i t y ' swhi t ee l i t e .Ont h emo r n i n gof No v e mbe r10 ,1 89 8, a r ou nd2, 00 0a r me dme nr a mpa g e dt h r ou ght h es t r e e t so fWi l mi n g t on ,ki l l e d a l mo s t1 00bl a c ks ,s t or me dc i t yh a l la n df or c e dAf r i c a nAme r i c a nbu s i n e s sl e a d e r sa n de l e c t e d o ffic i a l st ob o a r dn o r t hb ou ndt r a i ns .Thene ws e l f a p po i nt e da l l whi t ec i t yg o v e r n me n ti s s u e da " De c l a r a t i ono fWh i t eI n de pe nd e n c e "t h a ts t r i pp e dbl a c kso ft h e i rj o bsa ndv o t i n gr i g h t s . I daB.We l l s Th efir s tAf r i c a nAme r i c a nt ofil eal a ws u i ta g a i n s tdi s c r i mi na t i ono nar a i l r o a dc a r . Th ec i r c u i tc o ur tr ul e di nhe rf a v ora n dfine dt h er a i l r o a d ,bu tt h eTe n n e s s e eSu pr e me Cou r to v e r t u r ne dt her u l i n g .Af t e r wa r d s ,s heb e c a met hee d i t o ro fMe mph i sFr e e Sp e e c h,ane ws p a p e rt h a tf o c us e do nAf r i c a nAme r i c a ni s s u e s .Le dac r u s a d ea g a i n s t l yn c hi n g .He l pe df o u ndt h eNa t i o na lAs s o c i a t i onf o rt h eAd v a n c e me n tofCo l or e d Pe o p l e( NAACP) .Wo r k e df o rwo me n ' ss u ffr a g e . Bo ok e rT.Wa s h i n g t o n a tWa s h i n gt o n ' ss c h oo lf o re x s l a v e s ,t hes c ho o l ’ sf ou nd e r ,Sa mu e lCha pma n Ar ms t r o n g ,r e c e i v e dar e q u e s tf r omagr ou pi nn or t h e r nAl a b a mat os t a r tabl a n k c ol l e g ec a l l e dTus k e g e eI ns t i t u t e .Thec ol l e g en e e d e dapr e s i d e n t ,a ndAr ms t r on gu r g e d t he mt oh i r eBoo k e rT. Wa s hi n g t on .Al t h o u ghon l y25y e a r sol d ,Wa s hi n gt o nwa s , a c c o r d i n gt oAr ms t r on g ," av e r yc a p a b l emu l a t t o ,c l e a r he a d e d ,mo de s t ,s e n s i b l e ,p ol i t e , a ndat h o r ou ght e a c he ra n ds u pe r i o rma n. "I np a r tt opl e a s eh i swh i t edo n or s ,h ea r gu e d t ha tAf r i c a nAme r i c a n ss h ou l dno tf oc u sonfig h t i n gr a c i a ls e g r e g a t i on .The ys ho u l d i n s t e a dwo r kha r da ndr e ma i ns i l e nt ;t h e i rpr i or i t ys ho u l db es e l fi mpr o v e me n tr a t h e r t ha ns o c i a lc ha n g e .Wa s h i n gt o n ' sr e c ur r i n gme s s a g et ob l a c ks t u d e n t sf o c us e do nt h e i mp or t a n c eo fg a i n i n g" p r a c t i c a lkno wl e d g e . "Wa s h i n gt o ne nc ou r a g e dAf r i c a n Ame r i c a n st ob eki nda n dr e s pe c t a b l e , no te n g a g i n gi na g i t a t i o ni nt hewh i t ed omi na nc e s ou nd .Wa s hi n g t ons e c r e t l ywo r k e dt ofina nc el a ws ui t sc ha l l e n gi n gs e gr e g a t i o na n d d i s e nf r a nc h i s e me nt ,t os t opt h eb r ut a lc u l t u r eofr a c el yn c h i n g ,a ndt oi nc r e a s ef un d i n g f orp u bl i cs c ho o l s . W.E.B.DuBoi s be c a met hefir s tAf r i c a nAme r i c a nt oe a r nad oc t o r a t eol dd e g r e ef r omHa r v a r di n h i s t o r ya n ds o c i o l o gy .I na d di t i o nt op r omo t i n gc i vi lr i gh t s ,h el e f tadi s t i n g ui s h e d r e c o r da sas c h o l a r ,a ut h or i n gmo r et h a n20b o ok s .DuBo i sc a l l e dWa s hi n gt o n ' s c e l e br a t e d1 8 95s pe e c h" t h eAt l a n t aCo mpr o mi s e "i nt os a i dt ha th ewo u l dn o t " s u r r e n de rt h el e a d e r s h i po fh i sr a c et oc o wa r d s . "DuBo i sdi s a g r e e dwi t hWa s h i n gt o n , s t a t i n gt ha thi s" a c c o mmod a t i o n i s t "s t r a t e gywa sj us ta c c e p t a n c et h a tt h eAf r i c a n Ame r i c a nr a c ewa si n f e r i or .Thed i s pu t eb e t we e nDuBo i sa n dWa s h i n gt o nc a met o d e fin et het e n s i o nst ha two u l dd i v i det h e20 t h c e n t ur yc i v i lr i g h t smo v e me n t :mi l i t a nc y v e r s u sc o n c i l i a t i on ,s e p a r a t i s mv e r s usa s s i mi l a t i o n ,s o c i a lj u s t i c ev e r s u se c o no mi c o pp or t un i t i e s .

4 . )Wh owe r et h ev a r i ou sgr ou p so fmi gr a n t st ot heWe s ta f t e rt h eCi v i lWa r ?Wh ydi dt h e ymo v et h e r e ? St a t e swe s to ft h eMi s s i s s i pp iRi v e rwe r er i p ef ort h ed e v e l op me n to ff a r ms ,b u s i ne s s e s ,r a i l r o a d s , a ndt o wn s .Ba n k e r sa n dfin a n c e r si nAme r i c aa n dEu r o pet oo ka d v a n t a g eo ft h e s ec o nd i t i o n st o i n v e s th e a v i l yi nt h eWe s t , mo s t l yi nt h er e gi o nbe t we e nt h eMi s s i s s i p p iRi v e ra n dCa l i f o r n i a . f o rmos twe s t e r nAme r i c a ns ,t h eCi vi lWa ra n dr e c o ns t r u c t i o nwe r er e mo t ee v e nt st h a th a r dl yt ou c h t hel i v e sofI nd i a ns ,Me xi c a ns ,As i a ns ,f a r me r s ,r a nc h e r s ,t r a pp e r s ,mi n e r s ,a ndMo r mo nss c a t t e r t hr o u g ht h ep l a i n s ,v a l l e y s ,a n dmou nt a i n s .I nt heWe s t , t h er e l e n t l e s sma r c ho fwhi t ec o nq u e s t , s e t t l e me nt ,a n de x pl o i t a t i o nc on t i nu e d ,p r op e l l e db yas p e c i a ls e n s eo f" ma n i f e s td e s t i n y , "al us tf o r l a nd ,ah o pef o rq u i c kf o r t u n e s ,a ndar e l e nt l e s sd e s i r et oi mp r o v eon e ' sl o ti nl i f e . be t we e n18 70a n d19 00 ,Ame r i c a n ss e t t l e dmo r el a n di nt hewe s tt h e yh a dc e nt u r i e sbe f o r e18 70 . By19 00 ,at h i r do ft h en a t i o nl i f t e rwe s to ft h eMi s s i s s i pp iRi v e r . t h ee c on o mi ce x pl o i t a t i o no ft h eWe s ti sas t o r yo fi r r e s po ns i bl eb e ha v i ora n dr e c kl e s sa b us eof n a t u r et h a ts c a r r e dt h el a nd ,d e c i ma t e di t swi l d l i f e ,a ndn e a r l ye x t e r mi na t e dmuc ho fNa t i v e Ame r i c a nc ul t ur e . a f t e rmi dc e nt u r y , f a r me r sa n dt he i rf a mi l i e sb e g a ns pr e a d i n gwe s tt ot h eGr e a tPl a i n s .Fr o m Ca l i f or n i a ,mi n e r smo v e de a s t wa r dt h r ou ght h emo un t a i n st oUt a ha ndNe v a d a ,d r a wnb u yon en e w s t r i k ea f t e ra n ot h e r .Fr om Te x a s ,n oma di cCo wbo y sa n nu a l l ymi gr a t e dwi t hhe r dsofc a t t l e n or t hwa r do nt ot h ep l a i n sa n de v e na c r o s st heRoc k yMou nt a i n s . t h es e t t l e r si nt h ewe s te n c o u nt e rc ha l l e n g e s .Theg r e a tpl a ne sha v el i t t l er a i nf a l la n df e wr i v e r s .The s c a r c i t yo fwa t e ra n dt i mb e rr e nd e r e dus e l e s st h ef a mi l i a rt r a pp i n g so ft h ep i o ne e r( t h ea x ,t hel o g c a b i n ,t her a i lf e n c e )a swe l la st r a d i t i o n a lme t h od soft i l l i n gs oi l .Fo ral o n gt i me ,t h er e g i onh a d b e e nc a l l e dt heGr e a tAme r i c a nDe s e r t ,u ni n h a b i t a b l ef o rmos tAme r i c a ns ,b u tp e r f e c tr e f u g ef or I nd i a n swh or e f us e dt oe mb r a c et h ewhi t ewa yo fl i f e .Butt ha tv i e wc ha n g e di nt h el a s tha l foft h e 1 9t hc e n t u r y .Thed i s c o v e r yo fg o l d ,s i l v e r ,c o pp e r ,i r on ,a n dc oa l ;t h ec ompl e t i o nt h e t r a n s c on t i n e n t a lr a i l r o a d s ;t h ec ol l a ps eo ft h eI nd i a nr e s i s t a n c e ;a n dt her i s eo ft h eb u ffa l ohi d ea nd r a n g e c a t t l ei n du s t r i e sc o n v i n c e dma n yAme r i c a n s ,a swe l la st hef e d e r a lg o v e r n me n t ,t ha te c o no mi c d e v e l o pme n to ft h eWe s th e l dt h ek e yt on a t i o n a lpr o s p e r i t y . du r i n gt h es e c o n dha l fo ft h e1 9 t hc e nt u r y ,a n dun r e l e n t i n gs t r e a mo fmi gr a n t sflo we di n t owo u l d h a v eb e e nt h el a r g e l yI n di a na n dHi s p a n i cwe s t .Asmi l l i o nso fAn g l oAme r i c a n s ,Na t i v e Ame r i c a n s ,Af r i c a nAme r i c a n s ,Me x i c a n s ,Sou t hAme r i c a ns ,a ndEu r o pe a na n dCh i ne s e i mmi g r a n t si n t e r mi n g l e d ,t h e yt r a n s f o r m We s t e r nl i f ea n dc u l t ur e . mi gr a n t skno wna sEx o d us t e r sf o rAf r i c a nAme r i c a nswh omi gr a t e dWe s t( Ka n s a s ,Okl a h o ma , Mi s s i s s i p pi )f o l l o wi n gt hec o l l a p s eo fRa di c a lRe pu b l i c a nr ul ei nt h es ou t h.Thef o r e mo s tp r omo t e r Bl a c kmi gr a t i o nt ot hewe s twa sBe n j a mi n" Pa p "s i n gl e t o n .Hed e c i de dt h a tAf r i c a n Ame r i c a n s c ou l dne v e rg a i ne q u a lt r e a t me nti ft h e ys t a y e di nt hef or me rCon f e de r a c y .Ov e rt h ene x ts e v e r a l y e a r s ,t h ou s a n dso fAf r i c a nAme r i c a n sf o l l o we dSi n g l e t ont oKa n s a s ,l e a di n gma n ys o ut h e r n l e a d e r st owor r ya b ou tt h el o s so fb l a c kl a b or e r s .I n1 87 9,Wh i t eSo u t h e r n e r sc l o s e da c c e s st ot h e Mi s s i s s i p piRi v e ra n dt hr e a t e nt os yn ca l lb oa t sc a r r y i n gb l a c kst ot h ewe s t .Byt h ee a r l y18 8 0s , h o we v e r ,t h ee x od uso fb l a c kSo ut h e r ne r st ot h ewe s tp e t e r e dou t .Ma n yAf...