Virtual Instruments using LabView by - Jovitha Jerome PDF

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VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION USING LabVIEW Jovitha Jerome Professor and Head Department of Instrumentation and Control Systems Engineering PSG College of Technology Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu New Delhi-110001 2010 Rs. 375.00 VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION USING LabVIEW Jovitha Jerome © 2010 by PHI Learning Private...

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Accelerat ing t he world's research.

Virtual Instruments using LabView by - Jovitha Jerome Seemant Singh 13BEE1130

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LabVIEW based Advanced Inst rument at ion Syst ems sudhir singh

VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION USING LabVIEW

Jovitha Jerome Professor and Head Department of Instrumentation and Control Systems Engineering PSG College of Technology Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu

New Delhi-110001 2010

Rs. 375.00 VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION USING LabVIEW Jovitha Jerome © 2010 by PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher. Warning and Disclaimer While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the author and the publisher do not guarantee the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of any information contained in this book. Neither is any liability assumed by the author and the publisher for any damages or loss to your data or your equipment resulting directly or indirectly from the use of the information or instructions contained herein. Trademark Acknowledgements LabVIEWTM is the registered trademark of National InstrumentsTM. Use of any product or service name in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark.

ISBN-978-81-203-4030-5 The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher. Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus, New Delhi-110001 and Printed by Mudrak, 30-A, Patparganj, Delhi-110091.

To

My Husband, Daughter and Son M. Jerome Benjamin Arumika Jerome Jude Prabu Jerome

CONTENTS

Foreword ................................................................................................................................... xix Preface ....................................................................................................................................... xxi 1

GRAPHICAL SYSTEM DESIGN .......................................................... 1–19 1.1 1.2

1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

1.7

1.8

INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1 GRAPHICAL SYSTEM DESIGN (GSD) MODEL ................................................ 2 1.2.1 Design (Model) ............................................................................................. 2 1.2.2 Prototype (Lab) ............................................................................................. 3 1.2.3 Deployment (Field) ....................................................................................... 4 DESIGN FLOW WITH GSD ................................................................................... 5 VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION ............................................................................ 6 VIRTUAL INSTRUMENT AND TRADITIONAL INSTRUMENT ....................... 7 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE IN VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION ............. 10 1.6.1 Role of Hardware in Virtual Instrumentation ........................................... 10 1.6.2 Role of Software in Virtual Instrumentation ............................................. 10 VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION FOR TEST, CONTROL AND DESIGN ....... 12 1.7.1 Virtual Instrumentation for Test ................................................................. 12 1.7.2 Virtual Instrumentation for Industrial I/O and Control ............................ 13 1.7.3 Virtual Instrumentation for Design ............................................................ 13 VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION IN THE ENGINEERING PROCESS ............. 14 1.8.1 Research and Development ........................................................................ 14 1.8.2 Development Test and Validation .............................................................. 14 1.8.3 Manufacturing Test ..................................................................................... 14 v

vi

Contents

1.9 VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTS BEYOND PERSONAL COMPUTER ..................... 15 1.10 GRAPHICAL SYSTEM DESIGN USING LabVIEW .......................................... 16 1.11 GRAPHICAL PROGRAMMING AND TEXTUAL PROGRAMMING .............. 17 SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................... 18 REVIEW QUESTIONS ....................................................................................................... 19 2

INTRODUCTION TO LabVIEW ......................................................... 20–46 2.1 2.2 2.3

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 20 ADVANTAGES OF LabVIEW ............................................................................... 21 SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT .............................................................................. 23 2.3.1 Front Panel Windows ................................................................................. 23 2.3.2 Block Diagram Windows ........................................................................... 24 2.3.3 Icon/Connector Pane .................................................................................. 25 2.4 CREATING AND SAVING A VI .......................................................................... 25 2.5 FRONT PANEL TOOLBAR ................................................................................... 26 2.6 BLOCK DIAGRAM TOOLBAR ............................................................................ 27 2.7 PALETTES .............................................................................................................. 28 2.7.1 Tools Palette ............................................................................................... 28 2.7.2 Front Panel—Controls Palette .................................................................... 29 2.7.3 Block Diagram—Functions Palette ............................................................ 30 2.8 SHORTCUT MENUS ............................................................................................. 31 2.9 PROPERTY DIALOG BOXES .............................................................................. 32 2.10 FRONT PANEL CONTROLS AND INDICATORS .............................................. 33 2.11 BLOCK DIAGRAM ............................................................................................... 34 2.11.1 Terminals ..................................................................................................... 34 2.11.2 Nodes .......................................................................................................... 35 2.11.3 Functions ..................................................................................................... 35 2.11.4 SubVIs ......................................................................................................... 35 2.11.5 Express VIs and VIs .................................................................................. 35 2.11.6 Wires ........................................................................................................... 35 2.12 DATA TYPES ......................................................................................................... 36 2.13 DATA FLOW PROGRAM ...................................................................................... 36 2.14 LabVIEW DOCUMENTATION RESOURSES ..................................................... 37 2.15 KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS ................................................................................... 38 SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................... 38 MISCELLANEOUS SOLVED PROBLEMS ....................................................................... 39 REVIEW QUESTIONS ....................................................................................................... 45 EXERCISES ........................................................................................................................ 46

Contents

3

vii

MODULAR PROGRAMMING ............................................................ 47–64 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 47 MODULAR PROGRAMMING IN LabVIEW ...................................................... 48 BUILD A VI FRONT PANEL AND BLOCK DIAGRAM .................................. 49 ICON AND CONNECTOR PANE ........................................................................ 49 CREATING AN ICON ........................................................................................... 50 BUILDING A CONNECTOR PANE ..................................................................... 51 3.6.1 Assigning Terminals to Controls and Indicators ....................................... 52 3.6.2 Confirming Terminal Connections ............................................................. 53 3.6.3 Deleting Terminal Connections .................................................................. 53 3.6.4 Setting Required, Recommended, and Optional Inputs and Outputs ...... 54 3.7 DISPLAYING SUBVIs AND EXPRESS VIs AS ICONS OR EXPANDABLE NODES ......................................................................................... 54 3.8 CREATING SUBVIs FROM SECTIONS OF A VI .............................................. 55 3.9 OPENING AND EDITING SUBVIs ..................................................................... 57 3.10 PLACING SUBVIs ON BLOCK DIAGRAMS ..................................................... 57 3.11 SAVING SUBVIs .................................................................................................... 57 3.12 CREATING A STAND-ALONE APPLICATION .................................................. 57 3.12.1 Building the Application and Installer ...................................................... 58 3.12.2 Application (EXE) Build Specification ..................................................... 58 SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................... 58 MISCELLANEOUS SOLVED PROBLEMS ....................................................................... 59 REVIEW QUESTIONS ....................................................................................................... 64 EXERCISES ........................................................................................................................ 64

4

REPETITION AND LOOPS ............................................................... 65–90 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6

4.7 4.8

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 65 FOR LOOPS ........................................................................................................... 65 WHILE LOOPS ...................................................................................................... 67 STRUCTURE TUNNELS ....................................................................................... 70 TERMINALS INSIDE OR OUTSIDE LOOPS ..................................................... 71 SHIFT REGISTERS ................................................................................................ 71 4.6.1 Initializing Shift Registers .......................................................................... 73 4.6.2 Stacked Shift Registers .............................................................................. 74 4.6.3 Replacing Tunnels with Shift Registers .................................................... 74 4.6.4 Replacing Shift Registers with Tunnels .................................................... 75 FEEDBACK NODES .............................................................................................. 75 4.7.1 Initializing a Feedback Node ..................................................................... 76 CONTROL TIMING ............................................................................................... 77

viii

Contents

4.9 COMMUNICATING AMONG MULTIPLE LOOPS ............................................ 79 4.10 LOCAL VARIABLES ............................................................................................. 79 4.11 GLOBAL VARIABLES .......................................................................................... 81 SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................... 83 MISCELLANEOUS SOLVED PROBLEMS ....................................................................... 83 REVIEW QUESTIONS ....................................................................................................... 89 EXERCISES ........................................................................................................................ 89 5

ARRAYS ..................................................................................... 91–114 5.1 5.2 5.3

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 91 ARRAYS IN LabVIEW .......................................................................................... 91 CREATING ONE-DIMENSIONAL ARRAY CONTROLS, INDICATORS AND CONSTANTS ................................................................................................ 92 5.4 CREATING TWO-DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS ...................................................... 93 5.5 CREATING MULTIDIMENSIONAL ARRAYS .................................................... 94 5.6 INITIALIZING ARRAYS ....................................................................................... 94 5.7 DELETING ELEMENTS, ROWS, COLUMNS AND PAGES WITHIN ARRAYS... 95 5.8 INSERTING ELEMENTS, ROWS, COLUMNS AND PAGES INTO ARRAYS .... 96 5.9 REPLACING ELEMENTS, ROWS, COLUMNS, AND PAGES WITHIN ARRAYS .................................................................................................. 97 5.10 ARRAY FUNCTIONS ............................................................................................ 98 5.11 AUTO INDEXING ............................................................................................... 100 5.12 CREATING TWO-DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS USING LOOPS ........................ 100 5.13 IDENTIFICATION OF DATA STRUCTURE (SCALAR AND ARRAY) USING WIRES ..................................................................................................... 101 5.14 USING AUTO-INDEXING TO SET THE FOR LOOP COUNT ...................... 101 5.15 MATRIX OPERATIONS WITH ARRAYS .......................................................... 102 5.15.1 Converting an Array to a Matrix ............................................................. 103 5.15.2 Converting a Matrix to an Array ............................................................. 103 5.16 POLYMORPHISM ................................................................................................ 104 SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ 106 MISCELLANEOUS SOLVED PROBLEMS ..................................................................... 106 REVIEW QUESTIONS ..................................................................................................... 113 EXERCISES ...................................................................................................................... 113 6

CLUSTERS ................................................................................. 115–130 6.1 6.2 6.3

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 115 CREATING CLUSTER CONTROLS AND INDICATORS ................................ 116 CREATING CLUSTER CONSTANT .................................................................. 117

Contents

ix

6.4 ORDER OF CLUSTER ELEMENTS .................................................................. 117 6.5 CLUSTER OPERATIONS .................................................................................... 118 6.6 ASSEMBLING CLUSTERS ................................................................................. 118 6.7 DISASSEMBLING CLUSTERS .......................................................................... 120 6.8 CONVERSION BETWEEN ARRAYS AND CLUSTERS ................................. 121 6.9 ERROR HANDLING ............................................................................................ 122 6.10 ERROR CLUSTER ............................................................................................... 123 SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ 124 MISCELLANEOUS SOLVED PROBLEMS ..................................................................... 124 REVIEW QUESTIONS ..................................................................................................... 129 EXERCISES ...................................................................................................................... 130 7

PLOTTING DATA ........................................................................ 131–159 7.1 7.2 7.3

7.4

7.5 7.6

7.7

7.8 7.9 7.10

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 131 TYPES OF WAVEFORMS ................................................................................... 131 WAVEFORM GRAPHS ........................................................................................ 132 7.3.1 Displaying a Single Plot on Waveform Graphs ...................................... 132 7.3.2 Displaying Multiple Plots on Waveform Graphs .................................... 132 WAVEFORM CHARTS ........................................................................................ 133 7.4.1 Displaying a Single Plot on Waveform Charts ....................................... 134 7.4.2 Displaying Multiple Plots on Waveform Charts ..................................... 134 WAVEFORM DATA TYPE .................................................................................. 135 XY GRAPHS ......................................................................................................... 135 7.6.1 Displaying a Single Plot on XY Graphs .................................................. 136 7.6.2 Displaying Multiple Plots on XY Graphs ................................................ 136 INTENSITY GRAPHS AND CHARTS ............................................................... 136 7.7.1 Intensity Charts ......................................................................................... 137 7.7.2 Intensity Graphs ....................................................................................... 138 7.7.3 Using Color Mapping with Intensity Graphs and Charts ...................... 138 DIGITAL WAVEFORM GRAPHS ....................................................................... 139 7.8.1 Digital Waveform Data Type ................................................................... 140 3D GRAPHS ......................................................................................................... 141 CUSTOMIZING GRAPHS AND CHARTS ........................................................ 142 7.10.1 Using Multiple X- and Y-Scales............................................................... 142 7.10.2 Autoscaling ............................................................................................... 142 7.10.3 Formatting X- and Y-Scales ...................................................................... 142 7.10.4 Using the Graph Palette ..........................