1. Discuss the disadvantages of using tease mount technique. - the disadvantage of using tease mount is that the structural morphology is destructed. Teasing the colony often disrupts the delicate fru PDF

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Download 1. Discuss the disadvantages of using tease mount technique. - the disadvantage of using tease mount is that the structural morphology is destructed. Teasing the colony often disrupts the delicate fru PDF

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2. Cutaneous Mycoses - fungal infection of the integument and its appendages ; the superficial infection of your skins ,hair and nail nailss ; localized in the cornified layer of your stratum corneum ; there is no living tissue that is involved in your cutaneous mycoses ; basically we do have a host reaction to your fungus ; Kearatin loving -> Dermatophytes (Ring worms) – causes Dermatophycosis ; with regards to the disease or the clinical manifestation of your cutaneous mycoses called dermatophytosis 3 genera that are responsible for your dermatophytosis Trichophyton spp. Microsporum spp. Epidermophyton spp. Classified based in habitat or natural causes Geophilic – Earth-loving ; Inhabit the soil where they decompose your keratinaceous debris ; Dead animals ; Free-living soil saprophytes Zoophilic - Considered parasitic on animals ; Animal loving ; And cause more severe inflammatory infection human Anthropophilic - Are people loving ; Infect man only with which causes a chronic infection eliciting a relatively mild response by host ; They are primarily parasitic to man is considered to be on exclusive Species of antrophophilic fungi Trichophyton rumbum Microsporum audounii Microsporum oferruginum Trichophyton tonsurans Trichophyton violaceum Trichophyton schoenleinii Classification of Dermatophytes 1. Microsporum - do have a rough walled macroconidia ; and please do take note that the microconidia is also present 2. Trichophyton - have a small mooth walled macroconidia and present microconidia 3. Epidermophyton - lacks microconidia but they only have smooth wall macroconidia Clinical Manifestation of Dermatophytes Infections involving hair Trichophyton schoenleinii Microsporum audounii Microsporum ferrugineum Trichophyton tonsurans Trichophyton violaceum Infections involving Skin Microsporum Trichophyton Epidermophyton

Infections involving Nails Trichophyton Epidermophyton Patterns of hair invasion 1. Ektotiriks - is the formation of your arthroconidia on the outside of your hair shaft ; the cuticle of the hair is being destroyed ; hair invasion by dermatophytes 1. Microsporum canis 2. Microsporum gypseum 3. Trichophyton equinum 4. Trichophyton verrucosum hairr shaft ; in this case the 2. endotricks - is the formation of your artaconidia within your hai cuticle of the hair remains intact but with the use of your wood slump we cannot identify the infected hair because if the pattern of their invasion is in endotricks ; Do no flourish under wood slab or your woods uv light 1. Trichophyton tonsurans 2. Trichophyton violaceum Infections involving hair Tinea favosa refers to the similar appearance of your scutula ; they are considered to be a yellow saucer shape crust made up of the hypae and spores or in honeycomb appearance ; scutulum it will develop in the hair follicle within your hair shahft at the center of the lace lesion ; if you do have this type of infection you have a mass of mycelia and epithelial debris and a cup shaped crusts Tinea favosa or pabus this is an infection of hair follicle that can progress to a crusty lesion made up of dead epithelial cells and fungal mycelia ; The crusty or the cup shaped flakes called scutula ; And the hair loss and scar tissue formation commonly follow Trichophyton schoenleinii the infection of the hair follicle that can progress to a crustilation ; made of the dead epithelial cell in fungal mycelia ; the hair loss and scar tissue formation may be a complication of the infection ; they are considered to be anthrophophilic and they do cause flavus and the chronic scaring could lead to Tinea capitis* Tinea capitis it involves scalp, eyebrows and even eyelashes 1.Microsporum 2. Trichophyton Distinct forms: 1. Gray patch ringworm - this is a common childhood disease that is easily spread among children ; they colonizes primarily the outer portion of your hair shafts called ectothrix hair ; lesions are seldom but they do luster and the color of the hair maybe loss ; the pattern of your invention is ectothrix 1. Microsporum auduinni

2. Microsporum ferrugineum 2. Black dot ringworm - this is consists of your endothrix hair involvement ; the hair follicle is the initial site of infection eaily spread physical contact; and usually is considerd to be highly cotagious infection ; another risk factor within the hair shaft and we do have weaken colored and brittle ; if you are infected or you do manifest blood buttering worm your hair will become brittle and it could break off you know at scalp leaving the block dot stubs that is why it is called block dot ringworm 1. Trichopyton tonsurans 2. Trichphyton violaceum Risk factors ringworm of the scalp 1.Age - ringworm of the scalp is often common in toddlers and school-aged children and those children with pets at home could also be risk factors 2.Exposure to other children - outbreaks of ringworm are common in schools and child care centers where the infection isn't spread through physical contact ; take note that is considered to be a highly contagious infection 3. Exposure to pets - a pet such as your dogs or your cat can have the infection without showing any signs and children can get the infection by touching or petting the animal Sign and symptoms of ring worm of the scalp - may vary but it usually appears us on itchy scaly or blad patches on the head ; ringworm of the scalp is a highly contagious infection and this is most common in your toddlers and school age children Treatment 1.2% ketoconazole shampoo 2.1% or 2.5% selenium sulfide shampoo Infections involving the hands and feet Tinea ungium - this is the invasion of nail plate by dermatophytes ; the clinical manifestation of this is thickened discolored and brittle ; oncomycosis non dermatophyte Risk factors for developing onchomycosis have diabetes you do have a much more chance to have onchomycosis people with disease of the small blood vessels such as your peripheral vascular disease Older women you know as considered to be a risk factor because estrogen deficiency increases the risk of infection 4. Women of any age who wear artificial nails (acrylic or wraps) they do have a much more chance of developing onchomycosis Treatment 1.Oral terbinafine 2. Itraconazole Diagnosis

Nail specimen is that you need with 70 percent isopropyl alcohol ; so thorough cleansing of the nail area with your alcohol remove contamination such as bacteria because the site of invasion and localization of the infection differ in different type of your oncomycoses The different approaches depending on the presumptive diagnosis are necessary for us to obtain optimal specimen - again you just need to sterile the area with your alcohol and then scrape off the outer surface and then discard and strip again the nail up to the deeper portion of the degrees of the active fungi portion of the nail ; and take note if you are collecting the whole nail or the clipping particularly are during clippings nails please do wear gloves and try to hold the clipper so that the nails will not fly once you cut it and protect yourself and aside in collecting the nail you must also collect the debris and please do take note that the proximal white oncomycoses in the area of the nail bed there is also the superficial white oncomycoses present and you just need to scrape from this diseased nail surface as well as in the distal and lateral after collecting you just need to put it on a sterile envelope or a paper envelope and then subject to the microscopy - Direct microscopy is considered to be the most efficient technique because according to some studies you know 50 percent of oncomycoses uh failed not to yield the pathogens Tinea Pedis - athletes foot ; this is a dermatophytes infection involving feet particularly toe webs and soles ; the lesions are several types varying from mild, chronic and even the scaling of the acute exfoliative postular and bolus lesions ; involve webs your souls and even your nails ; the infections usually arise from infected skin scales coming into contact with exposed skin via a carpet or a shower floors or other shared walking or standing surfaces where shoes are not always worn ; the disease may progress around the sides of the foot from the soul called asset mocassin foot ; the infection of the glabrous skin range from mild with only minimal scaling and erythema, to severely inflamed lesions Treatment 1. Topical or oral antifungals or a combination of both Topical agent this is used for 1 to 6 weeks 2. Imidazole topical cream this is applied once daily for 2 weeks and if the patient with chronic hyperkeratotic (moccasin) Tinea pedis it should be instructed to apply medication to the bottoms or inside of his or her feet for the interdigital Tinea pedis even though that the symptoms may not be present a patient should apply the typical agent to the interdigital areas and also to the souls because of the likelihood of the plantar surface iinfection 3. Naftifine gel or cream in 2% - concentration and this is indicated for inter-digital Tinea pedis in adults and adolescents Systemic Dermatophyte Infections Epidermophyton floccosum - this is classified as anthropophilic ; it does not invade hair in vivo ; distribution this is present worldwide ; microscopic characteristics is that they do have smooth thin walled macroconidia that is often in clusters growing directly from the hyphae while opposing microconidia and they do have planido

Diagnosis 1. Greenish ground or a “khaki” colored - in this particular case cultural characteristic they do with light surface and the colonies are usually raised and folded in center with a flat 2. petri dishes on the river side - do have a yellowish brown reverse pigment

Microsporum canis - they are considered to be a zoophilic of wall particularly with your cats and even your dogs ; invades hair your skin rarely nails ; distribution they are worldwide ; microscopic characteristic they are spindle shaped, on one end pointed but on the other end they are blunt ; They have thick walled verrucose macroconidia with a 6 two 12 cells but in some reference but we do report at least 3 to 57 cells ; Microconidia described as sparse: clavate ,sessile ; Macroconodia this is spindle-shaped, spiny surfaces and they also have the curve tip Diagnosis 1. Potato Dextrose Agar - the colonies are fluffy and white with the river side of the colony are usually developing a lemon yellow or a rich candy yellow pigment especially Microsporum gypseum - this is considered to be geophilic ; usually they produces a single inflammatory skin or scalp lesions ; distribution they are distributed worldwide ; microscopic characteristics is that they are symmetrical ellipsoidal but they do have thin walled verrucose macroconidia ; and on the distal end they are slightly rounded but on the proximal (point of attachment) this is considered to be blunt ; and they do have 4 to 6 cells ; Microconidia is sparsely: clavate, sessile ; Macronedia is described as a cigar shaped with spiny surfaces and rounded tips ; Colony characteristic they are cinnamon color no powdery granular appearance on quality surfaces they are clay morphic tops of white sterile hypha and a ground red reverse pigment Microsporum audouinii - is considered to be a slow growing anthropomorphic dermatophytes ; responsible for most of the gray patch Tinea capitis of children ; but please also take note that the colonies appear cottony white and generally they do form little or low pigment quantity Microsporum ferrugineum - are the common cause of Tinea capitis they are anthropophilic ; they do have a ectothrick pattern ; the hypha is thick ; Colonies: Intense orange color Diagnosis 1. Growth on Rice Grains

use fungal culture rice grain this is used for identifying your Microsporum autonii from other dermatophytes especially your M icrosporum kadissuh your microsporum auduinii grows poorly on this medium and uh discolored snobby medium but the other dermatophytes and most other fungi grow well and corrrelate on this medium with no discoloration of the medium sterile rice grains should be spot inoculated to prevent confusion when differentiating between discoloration and actual growth Treatment 1. Itraconazole

Trichophyton mentagrophytes - they are zoophilic they are present on mice, cats, horses , sheep and even rabbits ; they are considered to be on inflammatory skin or scalp lesions in humans ; they do have ectothrix pattern of hair invasion ; responsible for tossing at this foot ; distributed worldwide ; microscopic characteristic they are spherical microconidia forming dense cluster “en-grappe” and they do also have spiral hyphae and a smooth thin walled clavate multiseptate macroconidia ; microconidia they are globose or grapelike clusters ; macroconidia are rare, cigar shape or a coiled spiral hyphae Trichophyton rubrum - this is considered to be anthropophilic ; actually is considered to be chronic infections of the skin, nails and rarely know scalp ; and it do have a pattern of hair invasion particularly on ectothrix and also on endortrix hair infection ; distribution this is present worldwide ; microconidia is clavate peg tear shaped and sessile ; macronidia pencil shaped cylindrical Trichophyton tonsurans - considered to be anthropophilic ; causing inflammatory or chronic inflammatory finely scaling leasions of skin , nails and scalp ; distribution present worldwide ; Microconidia: abundant, tear club peg balloon shaped ; Macroconidia: cylindrical Infections involving the body Tinea corporis - this is a dermatophyte infection of glabrous skin the most commonly caused by species of your Epidermophyton, Trichophyton and Microsporum ; the lessions may vary from simple scaling to the formation of erythema and vesicles and it can be a deep granulomata ; usually these are generally restricted to the stratum corneum of the epidermis; this is present on your non hairy skin and you will observe that if you are infected and you do have this thing you have rings with scaly center ; so this is a superficial fungal infection ( dermatophytosis) of the arms and legs, especially on the glabrous skin (it may occur on any part of the body) ; and it may also occur on any part of your body ; this scaly ring shaped area area that is typically found in your buttocks ,trunk, arms and legs 1. Epidermophyton floccosum

2. Trichophyton 3. Microsporum Causes Human to human - ringworm often spreads by direct skin to skin contact with an infected person Animal to human – you can contact ringworm by touching an animal with ringworm . Ringworm can spread while petting or grooming for your cats and this is also common in cows Object to human - it is possible for ringworm to spread by contact with objects or surfaces that is considered to be infected by a person or animal that has recently touched or rubbed against that particular object such as your floating by your towels beddings brushes and even combs Soil the human- In rare cases, the ringworm can spread to humans by contact with infected soil. Infection would most likely to occur only from prolonged contact with highly infected soil Risk factors - Your are at higher risk of ringworm of the body if you: In instance you do live in a warm climate you do have a close contact with an infected person or animal if you do share floating you're bedding your towel with someone who has a fungi infection participate in sports that feature skin to skin contact such as wrestling wear tight or restrictive floating if you have a weak immune system Treatment 1. Topical therapy -should be applied to the lesion and at least 2 cm beyond this area once or twice a day for at least 2 weeks 2. Topical azoles Tinea barbae - this is exclusive for men or adult male ; this is the dermatophyte infection of the bearded areas of the face and neck ; is a superficial uh dermatophyte infection that is limited to the burden areas of the face and neck and occur almost exclusively in older adolescent and adult males ; the clinical presentation of Tinea barbae is that it includes inflammatory, deep, kerio like flaques and noninflammatory superficial patches resembling Tinea corporis or bacterial folliculitis ; it may be viewed as an occupational disease among cattle farmers Treatment 1. Shaving or hair depilation - recommended with warm compress to remove crusts and debris 2. Apply a topicals agent such as griseofulvin

Tinea cruris - jock itch ; present on your moist groin area, perineum and the perianal region which is acute or chronic and generally prolitic ; lesions are sharply demarcated with riased erythomatosus margins with thin and dry epidermal scaling ; and it tends to core usually in high humid areas involving the lower extremities ; this is more common in men ; a pruritic superficial fungal infection of the groin and the adjacent sskin; the jock itch is most common in men and adolescent boys. The infection causes a rash that often itches or burns. The affected areas can also be red flaky or scaly 1. Epidermophyton floccosum 2. Trichophyton rubrum Treatment 1. Topical terbinafine 2. Itraconazole

Microsporum canis from Microsporum equinum - which does not penetrate hair ; we do have this test that you could perform for us to distinguish between the isolate of your motor parts particularly your Trichophyton menthangropites and also its variants like your Trichophyton rubrum Diagnosis 1. Perforation test or Modified Hair Bleeding Test - you just need to place the hair in the vial with water specifically distilled water inoculate with the small fragments of the test fungus incubate at a room temperature and removed at intervals of 4 weeks and they are examined microscopically in a lactoferrin blue so please do take note under microscope observation Trichophyton mentagkophytes has a marked localized areas of pitting and mercurial erosion whereas Trichophyton rubrum lacks the ability to form such building basically that is your hair perforation test to differentiate your Trichophyton mentagrophytes from Trichophyton rubrum 2. Urease Test also have your urease test using the culture media Urea Crytensen Agar you just need to inoculate this with the dermatophyte and incubate this for 5 days at room temperature this is also a test for us to differentiate your Trichophyton mentangrophytes from your Trichophyton rumrum Trichophyton mentagrophytes : urease positive resulting in color change of the medium from pitch to bright T. rubrum: isolates are negative or require more than 5 days to give a positive reaction Trichophyton verrucosum

this is also considered to be isophyllic dermathophytes ; and the pattern of the hair invasion is ectotrics and cultural cultivation it goes well at 35 C and it do require more diamond or growth Tinea corpuri Tinea pites Tinea Subcutaneous Mycoses subcutaneous mycosis these are diseases that are usually confined in your subcutaneous tissue and dermis ; however in some cases they can become systemic ; and they can also produce life-threatening diseases ; subcutaneous mycoses you do experience traumatic implantation of foreign objects ; this is introduced to your subcutaneous mycoses by trauma and the fungal agents are common in soil or on decaying vegetation ; this is considered to be a useful disease among agricultural workers that's why most of them are considered to be on occupational hazard ; the common clinical figure of your subcutaneous mycoses are progressive non-healing ulcer unless no anti-fungal medications are used ; clinical feature of your subcutaneous myoses is the draining of your sinus truct MOT: throuh accidental implantation of foreign objects such as knife , sticks etc. Chromoblastomycosis this is also known as your verrucouse dermatitis or your chromomycoses ; chromo is actually a greek word meaning order ; it implies that the possible that the positive organism has a pigment and this is considered to be a edematous nonfungi ; this agents can only be differentiated through microscopic testing and through the appearance of their colony in fungal culutre ; with regards to the epidemiology of of chromoblastomycosis they are present in tropical and subtropical regions of america and africa ; and the agents usually occur on vegetation and even your swan and this is this is considered to be none no communicable disease ; the...