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Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 7e, (Silverthorn) Chapter 10 Sensory Physiology 1) Which of the following would be an adequate stimulus for a mechanoreceptor? A) oxygen B) cell stretch C) photon of light D) cold temperature E) pH Answer: B 2) Which of the following would be an adequate stimulus for a chemoreceptor? A) oxygen B) cell stretch C) photon of light D) cold temperature E) vibration Answer: A 3) Identify the FALSE statement regarding sensory receptor cells. A) Threshold is the minimal stimulus intensity required to generate an action potential. B) Sensory transduction converts stimulus energy into a receptor potential. C) Each type of sensory receptor responds only to the stimulus that defines the receptor. D) A graded potential is referred to as a receptor potential. E) Many sensory receptor cells are NOT nerve cells. Answer: C 4) A graded change in membrane potential within a sensory receptor cell is always called a(n) A) depolarization. B) hyperpolarization. C) action potential. D) receptor potential. Answer: D 5) Opening a Na+ channel in a non-neural sensory receptor cell would cause that cell to A) depolarize. B) hyperpolarize. C) generate an action potential. D) decrease neurotransmitter release. Answer: D 6) With the exception of olfaction, all sensory pathways first travel to the ________, which acts as a relay and processing station. A) cerebrum B) thalamus C) cerebellum D) hypothalamus E) medulla oblongata Answer: B 7) A receptor potential is 1 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

A) an action potential. B) a graded potential. C) the resting membrane potential of a receptor cell. D) always converted to an action potential in sensory receptor cells. Answer: B 8) The two-point discrimination test A) is used to determine clarity of vision. B) provides information about olfactory receptors. C) provides a measure of receptive field size for touch receptors. D) is used to test for hearing disorders. E) monitors the activity of taste buds. Answer: C 9) Convergence describes A) the reason why receptive fields are so small. B) how one primary sensory receptor neurons synapses with a secondary neuron. C) how multiple primary sensory neurons synapse on a single secondary neuron. D) how receptive fields can overlap with one another. Answer: C 10) The larger the receptive field, the A) stronger the stimulus intensity required to activate a sensory receptor. B) more primary sensory neurons synapse on a secondary sensory neuron. C) fewer primary sensory neurons are involved. D) larger the area of the somatosensory cortex in the brain that perceives the sensation. Answer: B 11) The perception threshold describes the A) intensity of stimulus required to generate a receptor potential. B) intensity of stimulus required to generate an action potential. C) convergence of information from multiple primary sensory neuron onto a single secondary neuron. D) concept that neurons higher in the sensory pathway can dampen the intensity of a stimulus. Answer: D 12) A decrease in ones perception of a stimulus whose intensity has not changed due to higher neural inhibition is A) habituation. B) convergence. C) divergence. Answer: A 13) The intensity of a stimulus can be determined within the central nervous system by A) population coding only. B) labeled line coding only. C) frequency coding only. D) population coding and/or frequency coding. E) labeled line coding and/or frequency coding. Answer: D 14) The modality of a stimulus can be determined within the central nervous system by A) population coding. 2 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

B) lateral inhibition. C) frequency coding. D) adequate stimulus from the sensory receptor cell. Answer: D 15) Tonic receptors A) are quick to adapt to a particular stimulus intensity. B) slowly decrease the frequency of action potentials generated to a constant stimulus. C) are attune to changes in a parameter, not the extent of that change. D) will always decrease to the point where no action potentials are generated. Answer: B 16) Phasic receptors A) are quick to adapt to a particular stimulus intensity. B) slowly decrease the frequency of action potentials generated to a constant stimulus. C) are attune to parameters that the body must continuously assess. D) once threshold is reached by a stimulus will always generate action potentials. Answer: A 17) Which of the following are responsible for a receptor adapting to a stimulus? A) K+ channel inactivation only B) Na+ channel inactivation only C) opening of Na+ channels only D) opening of K+ channels only E) Na+ channel inactivation or K+ channel opening Answer: E 18) Which of the following is NOT a somatosensory modality? A) proprioception B) touch C) vision D) nociception E) temperature Answer: C 19) Which of the following statements regarding pathways for somatic perception projection is correct? A) The tertiary sensory neurons cross-over the body's midline. B) The synapse for the secondary to tertiary sensory neuron is within the medulla. C) The longest of the secondary sensory neurons transmit fine touch and proprioceptive information. D) Primary sensory neurons from the hands project to a specific region of the somatosensory cortex. E) Primary sensory neurons that respond to cold sensation project to the same region of the somatosensory cortex. Answer: D 20) The tactile receptor whose nerve endings are surrounded by concentric connective tissue layers is the A) Ruffini corpuscle. B) Pacinian corpuscle. C) Meissner's corpuscle. D) Merkel disc. E) root hair plexus. Answer: B 3 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

21) Sensory receptors that respond when body temperature is below normal are called A) warm receptors. B) photoreceptors. C) cold receptors. D) All receptors respond to temperatures above and below body temperature (no unique name). Answer: C 22) Nociceptors are responsible for the perception of A) pain only. B) skin stretch only. C) itch only. D) pain and itch. E) pain and skin stretch. Answer: D

23) Sharp, localized (fast) pain is rapidly transmitted to the central nervous system along A) large, unmyelinated C fibers. B) small, myelinated A-delta fibers. C) small, unmyelinated C fibers. D) large, myelinated A-beta fibers. Answer: B 24) Visceral pain is poorly localized and can be perceived to originate from a region of the body that is different from it's actual location; this is called A) analgesia. B) adaptation. C) referred pain. D) tonic reception. E) latency. Answer: C 25) Chronic pain is A) only pathological. B) only treated by analgesic drugs. C) only the result of short-term changes in the nervous system. D) pathological and treated by analgesic drugs. Answer: A 26) Chemicals such as histamine, prostaglandins, serotonin, and substance P A) only sensitize nociceptors. B) only activate nociceptors. C) only inhibit nociceptors. D) only sensitize and activate nociceptors. E) sensitize, activate and inhibit nociceptors. Answer: D 27) In addition to temperature, cold receptors respond to 4 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

A) menthol. B) capsaicin. C) alcohol. D) water. Answer: A 28) The gate control theory of pain modulation states that pain transmission can be blocked by A) cold stimulation of the A-delta fibers. B) mechanical stimulation of A-beta fibers. C) stimulation of C-fibers. D) tonic activity of the inhibitory neurons in the dorsal horn. Answer: B 29) Beta-endorphin is produced from the same prohormone as A) adrenocorticotropin (ACTH). B) insulin. C) aldosterone. D) thyroxine. E) glucagon. Answer: A

30) Neuronal cells that are short-lived and therefore are frequently replaced are A) gustatory receptors. B) nociceptors. C) Pacinian corpuscles. D) olfactory receptors. E) retinal cells. Answer: D 31) When Golf is activated, which of the following steps in the olfactory cells contribute to their depolarization? A) increases in adenylate cyclase only B) increases in cAMP concentrations only C) increases in the closure of cAMP gated cation channels only D) increases in adenylate cyclase activity and cAMP concentrations E) increases in adenylate cyclase activity, cAMP concentrations and closure of cAMP gated cation channels Answer: D 32) Gustatory cells that respond to sour via release of serotonin are called A) type I taste cells. B) type II taste cells. C) type III taste cells. D) basal taste cells. Answer: C 33) Gustatory cells that respond to sweet, bitter or umami are called A) type I cells. B) type II cells. 5 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

C) type III cells. D) type IV cells. Answer: B 34) ________ is released from type II cells to stimulate primary gustatory neurons. A) Serotonin B) Gustducin C) Acetylcholine D) Glutamine E) ATP Answer: E 35) Umami is A) another name for salty taste. B) a taste receptor cell activated by glutamate and nucleotides. C) a flavor enhancer that is part of olfaction. Answer: B 36) Signal transduction in the type II taste cells relies on the G protein A) Golf. B) Ggus. C) gustducin. D) transducin. Answer: C 37) There are ________ primary taste (gustation) sensations. A) 2 B) 4 C) 5 D) 20 Answer: C 38) The loudness or intensity of a sound wave is related to its A) amplitude. B) frequency. C) duration. D) pitch. Answer: A 39) The pitch of a sound wave is related to its A) amplitude. B) frequency. C) duration. D) decibels. Answer: B 40) The primary purpose of the middle ear bony structures (maleus, incus and stapes) is to A) equalize pressure in the middle ear. B) amplify the vibration as it conducts to the cochlea. C) dampen the vibration as it conducts to the cochlea. D) transmit otitis media to the cochlea. E) transduce the sound waves into vibration. Answer: B 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

41) The ion channels that transduce the vibration of the cochlea into receptor potentials are located on the A) stereocilia. B) tectorial membrane. C) helicotrema. D) cochlear duct. E) basilar membrane. Answer: A 42) The external auditory canal ends at the A) vestibule. B) cochlear oval window. C) malleus. D) tympanic membrane. E) pinna. Answer: D 43) The bones within the middle ear connect the A) tympanic membrane to the oval window. B) tympanic membrane to the round window. C) oval window to the round window. D) cochlea to the tympanic membrane. E) cochlea to the oval window. Answer: A 44) Sound waves are converted into mechanical movements (vibrations) by the A) malleus. B) cochlea. C) oval window. D) round window. E) tympanic membrane. Answer: E

45) A structure that allows the middle ear to communicate with the nasopharynx is the A) pinna. B) membranous labyrinth. C) bony labyrinth. D) eustachian tube. E) auditory meatus. Answer: D 46) The receptors of equilibrium and hearing are the A) utricles. B) saccules. C) hair cells. D) supporting cells. E) ampullae. Answer: C

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47) The structure that overlies the organ of Corti and is attached to the tips of the hair cells is the A) basilar membrane. B) tectorial membrane. C) stapedius. D) perilymph. E) endolymph. Answer: B 48) The structure that separates the cochlear duct from the tympanic duct is the A) tectorial membrane. B) basilar membrane. C) membranous labyrinth. D) bony labyrinth. E) stapedius. Answer: B 49) The highest frequency sound is detected by A) unique hair cells located anywhere along the basilar membrane. B) hair cells located near the middle of the basilar membrane. C) hair cells located near the oval window end of the basilar membrane. D) hair cells located near the helicotrema end of the basilar membrane. E) the frequency at which the stereocilia vibrate. Answer: C 50) Louder noises result in action potentials in the sensory neuron that are A) taller. B) shorter. C) broader. D) more frequent. E) less frequent. Answer: D 51) Collateral pathways take vestibular receptor signals from the medulla to the A) reticular formation only. B) thalamus only. C) cerebellum only. D) reticular formation and cerebellum. E) thalamus and reticular formation. Answer: D 52) The hair cell of the cochlea is depolarized when the stereocilia are bent A) in any direction. B) towards the smallest stereocilia. C) towards the tallest stereocilia. D) towards the middle stereocilia. E) Hair cells are not depolarized by bending of the sterocilia. Answer: B 53) ________ between hair cell stereocilia ensure that when the largest stereocilia is bent, all of the sterocilia are bent thereby gating more ion channels. A) Kinocilia 8 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

B) Otoliths C) Utricles D) Tip links Answer: D 54) Which structures monitor rotational acceleration of the head? A) cristae of the semicircular canals B) maculae of the saccule only C) maculae of the utricle only D) maculae of the utricle and saccule Answer: A 55) Sensations of the forces of gravity and linear acceleration are detected in the A) semicircular canals. B) cochlea. C) ossicles. D) saccule and utricle. E) organ of Corti. Answer: D 56) The cilia of the hair cells of the semicircular canals are embedded in the A) saccule. B) ampullae. C) cristae. D) utricle. E) cupula. Answer: E 57) The hair cells of utricle and saccule are clustered in A) ampullae. B) cristae. C) cupulae. D) maculae. E) otoliths. Answer: D 58) Our perception of the pull of gravity and linear acceleration is the result of A) changes in the pressure exerted by the cupula on hair cells. B) vibrations of the tectorial membrane striking hair cells. C) the pressure exerted by the otolithic organ on hair cells of the maculae. D) the movement of the otolithic organ within the ampullae of the semicircular canals. Answer: C

59) The hair cell of the semicircular canal hyperpolarize when the stereocilia are bent A) in any direction. B) towards the kinocilium. C) away from the kinocilium. D) towards the longest stereocilia. E) Hair cells are not hyperpolarized by bending of the sterocilia. 9 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Answer: C 60) The vitreous chamber of the eye A) contains the lens. B) helps to stabilize the structure of the eye and the retina. C) contains blood vessels that nourish the retina. D) is located between the lens and the iris. Answer: B 61) The central opening in the eye through which the light passes on to the retina is the A) conjunctiva. B) cornea. C) pupil. D) lens. E) fovea. Answer: C 62) The ciliary muscle helps to A) control the amount of light reaching the retina. B) control the shape of the lens. C) control the production of aqueous humor. D) move the eyeball. Answer: B 63) An area of the retina that contains only cones and is the site of sharpest vision is the A) outer segment. B) inner segment. C) fovea. D) optic disc. E) tapetum lucidum. Answer: C 64) Accommodation describes the focusing of light on the retina by changing A) the shape of the lens. B) pupillary diameter. C) the shape of the cornea. D) distance of the retina from the lens. Answer: A 65) A blind spot in the retina occurs where A) the fovea is located. B) ganglion cells synapse with bipolar cells. C) the optic nerve leaves the eye. D) rod cells are clustered to form the macula. E) amacrine cells are located. Answer: C

66) Which of the following cells is NOT localized to the retina? 10 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

A) rods B) vertical C) bipolar D) cones E) amacrine Answer: B 67) The photosensitive pigment synthesized from vitamin A is A) retinal. B) opsin. C) rhodopsin. D) transducin. E) cGMP. Answer: A 68) On a dark night, the rods have a high concentration of A) opsin. B) cAMP. C) cGMP. D) kinase. Answer: C 69) Which of the following cells involved in processing visual information in the retina synapse with the rods? A) horizontal cells only B) ganglion cells only C) bipolar cells only D) horizontal and bipolar cells only E) horizontal, ganglion, and bipolar Answer: E 70) Photoreceptors secrete the neurotransmitter A) acetylcholine. B) norepinephrine. C) glutamate. D) dopamine. Answer: C Match the type of receptor with the appropriate description. A. chemoreceptors B. touch receptors C. thermoreceptors D. nociceptors 71) The most studied examples of this type are phasic receptors called Pacinian corpuscles. Answer: B 72) These receptors slowly adapt, and would be activated when the skin is between 20-40° C. Answer: C 73) These receptors respond to stimuli that are harmful or potentially harmful to body tissues and lead to the perception of pain. 11 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Answer: D 74) These are probably the oldest sensory receptors as evidenced by their existence in primitive animals that do not have formalized nervous systems. Answer: A Match the stimulus to the type of receptor that typically responds to it. A. chemoreceptor B. mechanoreceptor 75) oxygen Answer: A 76) pH Answer: A 77) stretch Answer: B 78) pressure Answer: B Match the specific receptor to its typical stimulus. A. free nerve ending B. Merkel receptor C. Meissner's corpuscle D. Ruffini corpuscle E. Pacinian corpuscle 79) texture Answer: B 80) flutter Answer: C 81) stretch Answer: D 82) vibration Answer: E 83) temperature Answer: A 84) A sensory receptor is a ________ that converts a stimulus into electrical graded potentials. Answer: transducer 85) A stimulus below the ________ will activate sensory neurons, but the signal will not reach the conscious brain because higher neurons dampen it. Answer: perceptual threshold

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86) The brain's association of activation of a receptor with the perception of a particular sensation is called ________. Answer: labeled line coding 87) Sensory neurons that maintain their firing as long as the stimulus is present are called ________. Answer: tonic receptors 88) ________ are sensory receptors that respond to changes in a stimulus by altering their firing which rapidly stops as the stimulus is maintained. Answer: Phasic receptors 89) Activation of a ________ leads to the perception of pain and itch. Answer: nociceptor 90) Gustatory receptors are clustered in individual ________. Answer: taste buds 91) Each olfactory receptor cell extends ________ into the mucus layer. Answer: dendrites (cilia) 92) Activation of Golf in the olfactory receptor cells causes ________ to open, which causes the frequency of action potentials to ________. Answer: cAMP gated cation channels, increase 93) The initial response to sweet and umami involves the bind to a receptor, which activates the protein ________ whereas salty and sour stimulate ________. Answer: gustducin, ion channels 94) Primary sensory neurons transmitting information on sweet and umami are activated by release of ________ whereas salty and sour are activated by release of ________. Answer: ATP, serotonin 95) ________ is the fluid within the vestibular and tympanic duct of the cochlea. Answer: Perilymph 96) Endolymph is a unique fluid in the cochlear duct that contains more ________ and less ________ than the typical extracellular fluid. Answer: potassium, sodium 97) ________ are raised sensory structures within the ampulla of semicircular canals that contain the hair cells. Answer: Cristae 98) ________ is the fluid contained in the membranous labyrinth (vestibular apparatus). Answer: Endolymph 99) The hair cells of the cochlear duct are located in the ________. Answer: organ of Corti 100) ________ hearing loss results from conditions that affect the ability of sound wave that have entered the external ear from generating/transmitting a vibration that will reach the cochlea. Answer: Conductive 13 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

101) ________ hearing loss occurs because of damage to the structure of the inner ear. Answer: Sensorineural 102) ________ cells connect photoreceptors to ganglion cells. Answer: Bipolar 103) The bending of light as it passes through media of different densities is called ________. Answer: refraction 104) Human eyes are sensitive to light in the visible spectrum between the wavelengths of ________. Answer: 400 to 750 nm 105) A ________ is a single energy packet of visible light. Answer: photon 106) ________ ganglion cells transmit information about texture, while ________ ganglion cells trans...