101 5.1 Midterm Study Guide Fall 2018 PDF

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Public Health 101 Exam 1 Study Guide Fall 2018 The exam will consist of a combination of multiple choice and short answer questions. This list will help you focus your exam preparation. What is Public Health / Healthy People 2020  Define public health and population health and the difference between them. a. Public health: science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through organized community effort b. Population health: more broad idea: healthcare systems, traditional public health, social policy  Describe the difference between clinical medicine and public health. a. Public health focuses on larger populations while clinical medicine focuses on one case at a time  Describe the three major approaches to population health (health care, traditional public health, social interventions). a. Health care: delivering one-on-one health services b. Public health: group and community-based interventions – health promotion and disease prevention c. Social interventions: interventions with non-health related purposes and have secondary impacts on health  Explain and provide examples of changes in populations over time that can affect health, including demographic transition and epidemiological/public health transition. a. Demographic transition: falling childhood death rates, extended life spans b. Epidemiological/public health transition: as social and economic development occurs, different types of diseases become prominent c. Nutritional transition: countries often move from poorly balanced diets to diets high in fats sugars and salt.  Understand what is meant by “upstream” and “downstream” interventions. a. Upstream intervention: large scale interventions (policy) that affect large populations b. Downstream intervention: individual-level behavioral approaches for prevention or disease management  Know the vision and mission of Healthy People 2020. Evidence-Based Public Health  Define P.E.R.I.E. and explain each construct with an example. a. Problem: what is the health problem? b. Etiology: what is the contributory cause? c. Recommendation: what works to reduce the health impacts? d. Implementation: what can we do to get the job done? e. Evaluation: did it work?  Understand and describe what is meant by the burden, course, and distribution of disease. a. Burden of disease: occurrence of disability and death due to the disease b. Course of disease: how often does the disease occur? How likely is it to be present currently? What happens once it occurs? c. Distribution of disease: who gets this disease? Where are they? When does this disease occur?

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Define and differentiate morbidity and mortality. a. Morbidity: disability b. Mortality: death Define infant mortality rate, under-five mortality rate, and life expectancy. a. Infant mortality rate: # of deaths per 1,000 live births of children under one year of age b. Under-five mortality rate: rate per 1,000 live births of a child born in a specified year dying before the age of 5 c. Life expectancy: the avg period of time that a person may expect to live Define incidence and prevalence and know when each should be used (you do not need to calculate either for the midterm exam). a. Incidence rate: # of new cases per time period / # of people in at-risk population b. Prevalence rate: total # of people with disease right now / # of people in at-risk population Explain the difference between quantitative public health research and qualitative public health research. a. Quantitative public health research: statistics b. Qualitative: surveys and interviews Understand how to establish a causal relationship. a. Strength of relationship b. Dose response c. Consistency in findings d. Biological plausibility Define “artifactual” and list the three reasons changes in rates could be artifactual instead of real. a. Artifactual: differences between population or changes in a population over time due to changes in ways to identify the disease b. Three reasons i. Differences in the interest in identifying the disease ii. Differences in the ability to identify the disease iii. Differences in the definition of the disease Know the difference between necessary and sufficient causes and give examples. a. Necessary cause: must be present for an outcome to occur b. Sufficient cause: guarantees that an outcome will occur. A sufficient cause is enough by itself to ensure the outcome Know the definitive requirements to establish a contributory cause. a. Cause is associated with effect at individual level b. Cause precedes the effect in time c. Cause alters the effect Discuss types of investigations and differentiate between case/control, cohort, and randomized controlled studies. a. Case/control studies: cases with disease are compared to healthy people to determine if cases and controls were exposed previously to the potential cause b. Cohort studies: identify a helathy group that has a factor under investigation and a similar healthy group that doesn’t have that factor c. Randomized controlled trials: using chance, individuals are assigned to be exposed to or not be exposed to a potential cause and then the groups are followed over time Define what is meant by the “strength of a relationship” including relative risk, doseresponse relationship, consistency of the relationship, and biological plausibility. a. Strength of the relationship: how closely related the risk factor is to the disease

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b. Relative risk: the probability of developing the disease if exposed to risk factor vs if not exposed c. Dose-response relationship: examines if exposure to more of something incrases chance of developing disease d. Consistendcy of the relationship:studies in different pladces and among different groups e. Biological plausibility: explains occurrence of disease using known and accepted biological mechanisms Know the three types of prevention (primary, secondary, and tertiary) and provide examples of each. a. Primary: intervention before onset of the disease b. Secondary: after development of disease but before symptoms c. Tertiary: symptoms have appeared, aim to prevent irreversible consequences of the disease Understand how the RE-AIM framework is used to evaluate public health interventions. a. Reach b. Effectiveness c. Adoption d. Implementation e. Maintenance Recognize examples of the major quantitative data sources. a. Single case or small series b. Statistics c. Surveys d. Self reporting e. Sentinel monitoring f. Syndromic surveillance g. Social media

Social and Behavioral Health  Define what is meant by the “determinants of health” and the “social determinants of health” and provide examples of each. a. Determinants of health: causes of causes that bring about disease b. Social determinants of health: conditions in which we are born, grow, live, work, and age  Define socioeconomic status. a. Measure reflecting education, income, and professional status  Define health disparities and provide examples.  Define health behavior and the factors determining how easy/difficult it is to change a behavior. a. Health behavior: any activity undertaken for the purpose of preventing or detecting disease or for improving health or wellbeing b. Factors i. Availability of substitutes ii. Incentives iii. Physical, social and economic barriers iv. Physiological or addictive component  Understand and differentiate between the Stages of Change Model and the Health Belief Model. Be able to list and describe the constructs of each and apply them to an example.  Define social marketing and the purpose of the PRECEDE-PROCEED framework. a. STEP 1: social assessment

b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i.

STEP 2: epidemiological assessment STEP 3: behavioral and environmental assessment STEP 4: educational and ecological assessment STEP 5: administrative and policy assessment PROCEED STEP 1: implementation STEP 2: process evaluation STEP 3: impact evaluation STEP 4: outcome evaluation

Health Communication  Know the main questions that should be answered in a health communication campaign. o What is the problem o What do we want to accomplish o Who do we want to reach o What do we want to say o How do we want to say it o Where do we want to say it o Did it work  Know the 4 Ps of social marketing and be able to describe. o Product o Price o Place o promotion  Understand and be able to provide examples of primary, secondary, and key stakeholders. o Primary: directly affected o Secondary: indirectly affected o Key: can have negative or positive effect on effort or are critical to success of project...