History 101 - Midterm Study Guide PDF

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History 101 - Midterm Study Guide...

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History 101 Midterm Exam Study Guide Part 1: Identification (10 questions @ 2 points each = 20 points) Be able to see an image (on PowerPoint) of each of these, and be able to write what it is, and what culture religion it is affiliated with. You will need to get both parts correct to get the points. Venus of Willendorf – Paleolithic People Ziggurat – temple mound/indicates high importance of religion, Mesopotamia Egyptian Pyramid – Khufu Pyramid with the Sphinx: largest one, Egyptian Society Fresco – a painting on wet plaster/showed Roman arena scenes, Minoans Xerxe’s Gate – in the capitol city of Persepolis, Achaemenid Dynasty Stupa – monuments holding the relics of Buddha; in Sanchi, Buddhism/Mauryn Empire in India Stonehenge – Danube River Region/Western Europe Ka’ba – holds the stone from the first prophet Abraham, Islam Doric column capital – disk @ the top, slightly flared out, Greek Ionic column capital – scroll-like curls, Greek Corinthian column capital – very decorative, Greek Terra Cotta Army of Qin Shi Huangdi – tomb, Qin Dynasty Aqueduct – stone bridges which helped channel water into the cities, using the arches as an engineering technique, Roman Empire Arch – a vertical curved structure that spans an elevated space, Romans Part 2: Short Answer (20 questions @ 2 points each = 40 points) Be able to answer a question or finish a sentence, in one word or a few short words, for each of these topics. They are arranged by chapter number. Ch. 1 Hominin – what is it?  Prehumans  Bipedal Paleolithic – traits  “old stone age”  Starts about 40,000 years ago  Small family related groups  Hunters and gatherers  Evidence of trade between regions  Division of labor between genders  First “art” Ch. 2 Earliest agriculture – where located?  10,000 years ago

 Southwest Asia Earliest domesticated animals – which animals were they?  Dogs, pigs, sheep, goats, cattle Neolithic – traits  New stone age  Domesticated animals  More sophisticated stone tools  Living in more permanent settlements 3 earliest complex societies – what are they? Where, geographically (be specific) were they? What river valleys? Basic features  Mesopotamia o Tigris and Euphrates River Valley (modern Iraq) o Arid region o Was the earliest complex society  Egyptian o Nile River Valley (modern Egypt) o Arid region o Rise of pharaohs o Written words – hieroglyphs o Pyramids – indicated powerful monarchs, strong religious association o Death and after life – mummification, Old Kingdom (old pharaohs), New Kingdom (for all)  Harappen o Indus River Valley (modern Pakistan) o Arid region o Sophisticated city planning (grid system, plumbing) o Social hierarchy o Written language – not deciphered Cuneiform – what is it?  From Mesopotamia  Symbol based for each word, abstract  Changes overtime to becomes more abstract Period of Egyptian pyramid builders  Indication of powerful monarchs, strong religious association  Large tombs to bury the dead pharaohs - mummification Ch. 3 Bronze – made of what?  Mixture of tin and copper  Made a strong metal together  Could hold a sharp edge  Used for tools, weapons, decorative items  Mesopotamia & Northern China - found

Minoans – where? Basic traits?  Settled on the island of Crete  Traders with other eastern Mediterranean cultures  Had writing  Evidence through their paintings Fresco – how made?  Wet plaster Megalith – examples?  Large stones to represent burials or mystical beliefs – Stonehenge, Nebra Sky Disk Shang Dynasty – significance  First Chinese dynasty – 16th -11th century BCE  Found bronze items, jade, pottery, and gold – created a form of Chinese writing Oracle bones – how used? By what people?  Animal bones with writings of the future to those that seek it  Shang Dynasty  First forms of writing in China Ch. 5 Iron metallurgy – why preferable to bronze?  Iron was independently discovered in at least two regions – southwest Asia & tropical Africa  Iron metallurgy was NEVER discovered in the Americas  Iron was more readily available o found near ground surface o more iron = tools, weapons, less expensive o forged iron was stronger, sharper than bronze Polis – what is it?  A small sovereign state centered on a single city  Pre-classical Greeks developed independent cities: city-states with fortified walls Origins of Judaism – what is it? Where did it start? When (approximately)?  Started ca. 1300-1000 BCE (Kingdom of Israel)  The Israelites believe in only ONE god; Yahweh o Abraham = founding patriarch o monotheistic Caste levels of India – know Indian name of each, and briefly explain each  Brahmins: priests  Kshatriyas: rulers and warriors  Vaishyas: farmers, herders, merchants and artisans  Shudras: servants, field workers; did menial labor  Panchamas: “untouchables” – did most unclean jobs, clean latrines and move the dead Brahmanism – what is it? Where? Related to what later religion?  The Indians believe in multiple gods, each responsible for certain tasks  Belief in reincarnation

Goal was to live a good life, then upon death, your soul is reborn into a new family (higher caste level hopefully)  Predecessor to Hinduism o Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva Mandate of Heaven – function? Who (what dynasty) started it?  Zhou Dynasty  Where the supreme force in the universe is where rulers get their authority, if he fails, the people can find a new ruler Period of Warring States – where? About how long/when?  475-221 BCE  A civil war in China until a victor is decided  Technology increase  Caused by the uprisings in the third century 

Ch. 6 Achaemenids – where, who, fought who?  Founded the first Persian empire in 6th century BCE  Rivaled and conquered Mesopotamia  They advanced into Anatolia (Turkey)  Some troops went east toward modern Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan  Clashed with Greeks but did NOT conquer  First to improve roads, equip them with forts, and weigh stations  Built first canal at Suez Sparta – traits  Located on the Peloponnesus in southern Greece  Military-based government  Males required to join military at 7  Age 18 men could marry, fight in battle  Women did physical training to be better mothers  Maintained military to dominate their slaves Athens – traits  Located on Greek mainland  Government founded “demokratia” – rule of the people (males)  Known for cultural and intellectual advances, but was also increasingly militarized  Developed the “phalanx” as a military formation, with shields, swords, rows in formation to crush the enemy  Used military to free other cities, they became tax-paying dependent states to Athens  Flourished: used money to make the city more beautiful  The Acropolis – temples, statures, public spaces  Patron to artists, architecture, design, math, drama, philosophy & science Alexander the Great – who, where from, importance?  Son of Phillip of Macedon  Aged 20  Conquered Anatolia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia

o Allowed places to maintain culture as long as they stay loyal  He created the largest empire ever in history up to that point  He had established Greek-type cities across the empire, keeping a certain level of ethnic openness Hellenistic Empires – what are they? Name each, where they each generally were  Greek culture in Southwest Asia, Nile, eastern Mediterranean, and Black Sea region  3 centuries after death of Alexander the Great  3 of Alexander’s generals formed regional monarchies from the empire o Seleucid – former Persia o Ptolemaic – former Egypt o Antigonid – former Macedon, Greece Mauryan Dynasty – where? Basic traits  First dynasty to unify most of India rose almost simultaneously with rise of Seleucid and Ptolemaic empires  Brahminism was primary religion – as faith developed, priests neglected the people’s needs  Influenced some people to seek an alternative faith Buddhism – importance in India during Mauryan period  Wanted to seek out the answer to “why do people suffer”  Taught followers that people should give up material desire and greed to relieve pain and distress  The 4 Noble Truths  Noble Eight-Fold Path  Stupa: monuments which hold the relics of Buddha; located at Sanchi Ahimsa – what does it mean?  A practice of non-violence Nirvana – what does it mean?  A limitless, indescribable stat where one’s self is extinguished and thus released from the cycle of rebirth and suffering Ch. 7 Roman Republic – main features of government  Republic and dominant state on the Italian Peninsula  Formed “republic” type government, modeled on Athens, Greece o All adult male citizens political rights and obligations Latifundia – what is it? How does it work?  Wealthy citizens ought up conquered and abandoned lands, consolidated them into large slave-operated plantations Pax Romana – what is it? How long did it last?  Next 200 years in Rome, a period of relative peace Coliseum – how was it used?  Held 50,000 people (80 CE) o Temples, alters, statues, arches

 Gladiatorial contests and public spectacles Qin Dynasty – where? Why important?  Qin Shi Huangdi ended period of warring states and unified China  Standardized weights and measures  Established single coin system  Standardized/simplified Chinese writing  No heir – killed 2 boys and wife Legalism – what is it? Who used it?  Used “legalism”: a philosophy that argued strict laws and harsh punishment was necessary Confucianism – basic traits  Han Empire – maintained some of legalist regulations  Promoted Confucianism: o A philosophy with 4 ideals  All people show respect to one another  All people show maturity and refinement  All people show ethical principles to uplift the state  All people have harmony in family – filial piety – respect for one’s elders  Established a university of Confucianist studies for bureaucrats Daoism – basic traits  Seek oneness with the Dao, or way; o The invisible, indefinable, transcendent principle underlying all reality  Accept the eternal flow of Dao  Accept the universe is made up of related forces, though sometimes opposites (Yin & Yang)  Daoists passively ignored social responsibility Han dynasty – known for trading what product?  From Med: glassware, jewelry, bronze goods, wool & linen textiles, olive oil, wine, gold, silver  From Central Asia: horses, camels, cotton, wool, tapestries, rugs, food items  From East Asia: SILK, spices, cotton, pearls, coral, ivory, jade, paper, gunpowder Ch. 9 Cause of fall of Han Dynasty?  Overall weakened imperial authority  Bureaucracy too large  Increasingly power eunuchs: castrated man  Rebel uprisings  Fell by 250 CE Why split of Roman Empire in 300s?  Germanic tribes to north grew, became more aggressive as roman empire weakened  Huns from central Asia, pushing Germanic group toward Roman empire Causes of fall of western half of Roman Empire?  Ostrogoths deposed last emperor of Rome

Patriarch – what/who are they in relation to early Christian church?  5 patriarchs o Rome (Italy) o Constantinople (modern Turkey) o Antioch (Syria) o Jerusalem (Palestine) o Alexandria (Egypt)  Established rules for Christian church Fall of western half of Roman empire – what year?  476 CE Byzantine Empire – where? What is it?  Eastern half of Rome  Byzantine’s tried to reclaim Rome, no long-term success Ch. 10 Islam – what is it?  Only one gold, one should submit to him (Allah)  Surrender of submission Quran – significance? Function?  Holy book of Islam  Established the rules, norms, rituals of faith Hajj – what is it? Importance?  Pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in life  Wanted people to visit the holy place/one of the five pillars Byzantine emperor – relationship to Christian church?  Constantine the Great  The first Christian emperor Serf – what is it?  Peasants who lose some of their freedom  Tied to the manors for work & protection o Not slaves, but not exactly free either Benedictines – who were they? General function/purpose?  Order of monks that emphasized communal life, scholarship and missionary activity o Helped spread, clarify Christianity in western Europe Charlemagne – importance?  Frankish King in France o Helped briefly unify part of Europe  The pope coronated his as “emperor” in 800 CE  Empire ended with his death leading to a wave of invasions Tang Dynasty – equal field system – how did it work?  Redistribution of agricultural lands based on family need, not wealth Grand Canal – location, function, importance?  Connected Yellow River and Yangzi River

 Allowed further spread of China – to Korea and Vietnam  Furthered spread of Buddhism into China Spread of Buddhism in China – how and importance?  Spread from the building of the Grand Canal  Mixed well with Confucianism and Daoism Ch. 11 Abbasids – who were they?  Clan rose up against Umayyads and became new caliphs  Established new capitol at Baghdad, shifting Islamic world to the east  Established provinces, complex government and road systems for communication Shi’a – what is it? (also in Ch. 10)  Believed the succession should follow Muhammad Ali, Muhammad’s cousin (blood relative) Sunni – what is it? (also in Ch. 10)  Believed that the succession of caliphs should continue as started, with Abu Baker Qanat – what is it? Located where, typically? How does it work?  Underground irrigation canal – specialized irrigation for year-round growing  Iran, north Africa and Spain Shinto – what is it? Where?  Rural religions belief in spirits of deceased ancestors  Leaders/emperors became important spiritual heads who helped stave off disasters  Japan Trans-Sahara trade – with who, trading what?  Senegal River, Lake Chad, Niger River  Rich gold deposits encouraged Islamic trans-Sahara trade  Textiles, ironware, horses & salt, as well as silk Vikings – from where, effect on Europe?  From Scandinavia  Invaded due to increased population and warm period  Terrorized but eventually settled and became part of European culture Feudalism – what is it?  Social/political system where individual grants land to other in return for allegiance and service Ch. 12 Song Dynasty innovation in currency  Paper money – silk worm in the center of the bill  Circular coins on top of paper for how much the bill is worth Footbinding – outcome, reason for doing it?  Women would bind feet to have smaller appearance  Makes them more desirable to marry  bound my mothers or older relatives starting when they are young o Brought honor to the family

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Kept women subservient to men – could not walk far, kept them close to home and couldn’t work

Part 3: Essay Questions (2 questions at 20 points each = 40 points) Be able to answer COMPLETELY AND FULLY each of the following 4 essay questions. I will choose 2 of the four, however, you will not know which two until the exam. Answer part of each question for full points. Full answers, fully explain each section of each question. DO NOT ASSUME I KNOW ANYTHING. 1) Compare and contrast the rise of Buddhism, Christianity and Islam. How were they similar to one another? How were they different from one another? In other words, give information AS YOU COMPARE AND CONTRAST on each about when they began, founders, location of origin, spread of religions, how they spread, impact of spread to other cultures and populations. Illustrate through your answer how each religion is known as a “Universalist” and a “missionary” religion.  Missionary – move about/spread the work  Universalist – having a higher power 2) What were the Silk Roads? When, approximately, did they flourish (ie. Approximate beginning to approximate end dates)? How were items moved and traded along the Silk Roads? Where did they come from and go to? What civilizations were connected by the Silk Roads? What types of things were traded? Give at least three specific examples, explain them…what they were, importance, from where to where? What else besides trade goods spread along the silk road? Give examples, explain. What effect did the fall of the western half of the Roman Empire and the fall of the Han Dynasty have on the Silk Roads?  Interregional trade routes between Han Dynasty (Asia) and Roman Empire (Mediterranean)  Ca. 200 BCE to 300 CE  Trade was done in segments like a relay  Camels aided travel through the deserts  Developed roads of Roman and Han empires aided trade  Improved sails, boat engineering aided maritime trade  Gold, silver, bronze goods – to make weapons and tools with  Horses, camels – animals used to help in labor and transportation  Silk – one of the most desired fabrics  Christianity and Buddhism spread through the Silk Roads 3) Compare and contrast the three earliest civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Harappan societies. When were they in existence (general years, beginning and end for each). Where were each located (be as specific as possible)? What did they each have in common (list AND explain 2 things). How were they different from one another? (list AND explain 2 things). What types of relationships, if any, did they have with one another? Explain.

4) Discuss the fall of the Roman Empire. What year is given for the final fall of the western half? Give and explain at least two (2) reasons for the failure/fall. Explain, briefly, what happened to people after the fall. Who took over former Roman lands in the next 100 years or so. Where did those who took over end up (in relation to modern countries)? What happened to the eastern half of the Roman Empire. What did it become (name)? Discuss briefly what role Christianity took for people during and after the fall of the Roman Empire.  Roman empire fell in 476 CE  There was no clear rules of succession – couldn’t decide on a ruler  Germanic tribes became aggressive – attacked the Roman Empire, them being weak could not defend themselves  The Huns from Central Asia pushed the Germanic groups toward Roman Empire as well  The empire was split into two, East and West o Christianity became very popular because of the message of compassion and hope for eternal life o Constantine welcomed all religions  Eastern half became Byzantine Empire  5 Patriarchs o Rome (Italy) o Constantinople (Turkey) o Antioch (Syria) o Jerusalem (Palestine) o Alexandria (Egypt)  During the Roman empire – people saw Jesus as “the Christ” o A man who began preaching message of peace and divine salvatiom  Christianity was a sought-out religion for its message  Emperor Theodocious declared Christianity as official religion in 380 CE Outline or bullet point format AS LONG AS you completely and fully answer each part of each question!!...