13-Communism vs Fascism - Difference and Comparison Diffen PDF

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 vs.

Communism vs. Fascism

Diffen› SocialSciences › History

Whilecommunismisasystembasedaroundatheoryofeconomicequality andadvocatesforaclasslesssociety,fascismisanationalistic,topdown systemwithrigidclassrolesthatisruledbyanallpowerfuldictator.Both communismandfascismoriginatedinEuropeandgainedpopularityintheearly tomid20thcentury.

Comparisonchart Communism Philosophy Fromeachaccordingtohis ability,toeachaccordingtohis needs.Freeaccesstothe articlesofconsumptionismade possiblebyadvancesin technologythatallowforsuper abundance.

Fascism Thestatemustgainglorythrough constantconquestandwar.The pastwasglorious,andthatthe Statecanberenewed.The individualhasnovalueoutsideof hisorherroleinpromotingthe gloryoftheState.Philosophies variedbycountry.

Ideas Allpeoplearethesameand thereforeclassesmakenosense. Thegovernmentshouldownall meansofproductionandland andalsoeverythingelse.People shouldworkforthegovernment andthecollectiveoutputshould beredistributedequally. KeyElements Centralizedgovernment,planned economy,dictatorshipofthe "proletariat",commonownership ofthetoolsofproduction,no privateproperty.equalitybetween gendersandallpeople, internationalfocus.Usuallyanti democraticwitha1partysystem. KeyProponents KarlMarx,FriedrichEngels, PeterKropotkin,Rosa Luxemburg,VladimirLenin,

Unionbetweenbusinessesand theState,withthestatetelling thebusinesswhattodo,with nominallyprivateownership. CorporatisminItaly,National SocialisminGermany.Central planningofNationaleconomy. Redistributionofwealth(Nazi). Actualidealism,centralized government,socialDarwinism, plannedeconomy,anti democratic,meritocratic,extreme nationalism,militarism,racism (Nazism).Traditionaland/or exaggeratedgenderroles.One partysystem. AdolfHitler,BenitoMussolini, FranciscoFranco,JoséAntonio PrimodeRivera,CorneliuZelea

 GO

EmmaGoldman,LeonTrotsky, JosephStalin,HoChiMinh,Mao Zedong,JosipBrozTito,Enver Hoxha,CheGuevara,Fidel Castro. Definition Internationaltheoryorsystemof socialorganizationbasedonthe holdingofallpropertyin common,withactualownership ascribedtothecommunityor state.Rejectionoffreemarkets andextremedistrustof Capitalisminanyform. PoliticalSystem Acommunistsocietyisstateless,

Codreanu,AntePavelić,IkkiKita, WangJingwei,PlínioSalgado, KonstantinRodzaevsky,Oswald Mosley,WilliamDudleyPelley, AleksandrDugin. Anextremelynationalistic, authoritarianstateusuallyledby onepersonattheheadofone party.Nodemocraticelectionof representatives.Nofreemarket. Noindividualismorindividual glory.TheStatecontrolsofthe pressandallothermedia. Onecharismaticleaderhas

classlessandisgoverneddirectly bythepeople.Thishoweverhas

absoluteauthority.Oftenthe symbolofthestate.Advisersto

neverbeenpractised.

Governmentaregenerallypicked bymeritratherthanelection. Cronyismcommon.

PrivateProperty Abolished.Theconceptof propertyisnegatedandreplaced withtheconceptofcommonsand ownershipwith"usership". Economic Economicplanningcoordinates Coordination alldecisionsregarding investment,productionand resourceallocation.Planningis doneintermsofphysicalunits insteadofmoney. Ownership Themeansofproductionare Structure commonlyowned,meaningno entityorindividualowns

Nominallypermitted.Contingent uponservice,obedience,or usefulnesstotheState.

Businessesarenominally privatelyowned;theState dictatesoutputsandinvestments. Planningisbasedonprojected laboroutputratherthanmoney.

Themeansofproductionare nominallyprivatelyownedbut directedbytheState.Private

productiveproperty.Importance isascribedto"usership"over

ownershipofbusinessis contingentuponsubmissionto

"ownership".

thedirectionandinterestsofthe State.

SocialStructure Allclassdistinctionsare eliminated.Asocietyinwhich everyoneisboththeownersof themeansofproductionandtheir ownemployees.

Economic Themeansofproductionareheld System incommon,negatingtheconcept ofownershipincapitalgoods. Productionisorganizedto provideforhumanneedsdirectly withoutanyuseformoney. Communismispredicatedupona conditionofmaterialabundance.

Strictclassstructurebelieved necessarytopreventchaos (ItalianFascist).Allclass distinctionsareeliminated (GermanNazi).Nazismbelieves ina“superior”race.Italian Fascismwasnotracistin doctrineoriginally. Autarky(nationalselfsufficiency). Keynesian(mostly).Largepublic works,deficitspending.Antitrade unionandsyndicalism.Strongly againstinternationalfinancial marketsandusury.

Political MarxistCommunism,Leninism Movements andMarxism–Leninism,

NationalSocialism,Falangism, Nazism,Strasserism,neo

Stalinism,Trotskyism,Maoism, Dengism,PrachandaPath,

Nazism,neofascism,national Bolshevism.

Hoxhaism,Titoism, Eurocommunism,Luxemburgism, Councilcommunism,Left Communism. Religion Abolishedallreligiousand metaphysicsisrejected.Engels andLeninagreedthatreligion wasadrugor“spiritualbooze”

Fascismisacivicreligion: citizensworshipthestatethrough nationalism.Thestateonly supportsreligiousorganizations

andmustbecombated.Tothem, atheismputintopracticemeanta “forcibleoverthrowofallexisting socialconditions.

thatarenationally/historicallytied tothatstate;e.g.,theIronGuard inRomaniasupportedthe RomanianOrthodoxchurch.

FreeChoice Eitherthecollective"vote"orthe state'srulersmakeeconomicand politicaldecisionsforeveryone else.Inpractice,rallies,force, propagandaetc.areusedbythe rulerstocontrolthepopulace.

Theindividualisconsidered meaningless;theymustsubmitto thedecisionsoftheleadership. Traditionalgenderrolesare upheldand/orexaggerated.

WayofChange GovernmentinaCommunist stateistheagentofchange ratherthananymarketordesire onthepartofconsumers. Changebygovernmentcanbe swiftorslow,dependingon changeinideologyorevenwhim.

Examples Ideally,thereisnoleader;the peoplegoverndirectly.Thishas neverbeenactuallypracticed, andhasjustusedaoneparty system.Examples0fCommunist statesaretheerstwhileSoviet Union,CubaandNorthKorea. Discrimination Intheory,allmembersofthe stateareconsideredequaltoone another.

Earliest TheorizedbyKarlMarxand Remnants FrederickEngelsinthemid19th centuryasanalternativeto capitalismandfeudalism, communismwasnottriedout untilaftertherevolutioninRussia intheearly1910s. Meansofcontrol Theoreticallythereisnostate control.

Variations LeftAnarchism,Council Communism,European Communism,Juche Communism,Marxism,National Communism,PreMarxist Communism,Primitive Communism,Religious Communism,International

Governmentinafasciststateis theagentofchangeratherthan anymarketordesireonthepart ofconsumers.Changeby governmentcanbeswiftorslow, dependingonachangeinlabor outputorevenatthewhimofthe dictator. Fascistgovernmentsare generallyheadedbyoneperson: adictator.Thisisnotan aberrationofdoctrine,infactitis animportantcomponentofit.

Beliefinonesuperiorrace (Nazism).Beliefinasuperior nation(Fascism&Nazism). Gender(F&N).Mentalor physicalhandicaps.Mental illness.Alcoholics.Homosexuals. Roma.Jews(Nazi).Ideological andpoliticalopposition,trade unions(F&N). TheRomanEmpire,whichcould bearguedwasafascistentity. Theearliestfascisttheorieswere basedonexamplesleftbehindby theRomanEmpire.

Fascismemploysdirectforce (secretpolice,government intimidation,concentration camps,andmurder),propaganda (enabledbyStatedirected, heavilycensoredmedia),rallies, etc. Nazism,Austrofascism,British Fascism,Christofascism,Clerical Fascism,Falangism,Francoism, ItalianFascism,National Socialism,Neofascism,Proto fascism,Tropicalfascism.

Communism. Viewofwar Communistsbelievethatwaris goodfortheeconomybyspurring production,butshouldbe avoided.

Warisgoodforthemoraleofthe nationandthereforegoodforthe State.Throughtheconquestof war,theStatecanattainglory. TheNationStateisbolstered throughsubjugationofinferior nations.Warhasnonegative effectontheeconomy.

Viewoftheworld Communismisaninternational movement;Communistsinone countryseethemselvesin solidaritywithCommunistsin othercountries.Communists distrustNationalisticnationsand leaders.Communistsstrongly distrust"bigbusiness." History MajorCommunistpartiesinclude theCommunistPartyofthe SovietUnion(191291),the CommunistPartyofChina(1921 ON),theWorkers'PartyofKorea (1949ON),andtheCommunist PartyofCuba(1965ON). Modern Recentfarleftdictatorships Examples includetheUSSR(19221991) anditsspherethroughouteastern Europe.Onlyfivenations presentlyhaveCommunist governments:China,North Korea,Cuba,LaosandRussia.

Literature TheCommunistManifesto,“Das Kapital”,TheStateand Revolution,TheJungle,Reform orRevolution,Capital(VolI:A CriticalAnalysisofCapitalist Production),Socialism:Utopian andScientific,theGrapesof Wrath.

Fascistsareultranationalists whoidentifystronglywithother Nationalisticnationsandleaders. Fascistsdistrustinternationalism andrarelyabidebyinternational agreements.Fascistsdonot believeintheconceptof internationallaw. TermcoinedbyMussoliniinthe 1920swhenhegainedcontrolof Italy.Othermajorfascistregimes includetheNaziPartyin Germany(193345),theNational UnioninPortugal(193468),and FrancoistSpain(19361975). Recentfarrightdictatorships includetheRepublicofChile underAugustoPinochet(1973 1990)andtheRepublicof ArgentinaunderJuanPerón (19461955)/(19731974).There arepresentlynoopenlyfascist governmentsinexistence. TheDoctrineofFascism,Fascist Manifesto,"LaConquistadel Estado","MeinKampf",My Autobiography,TheMythofthe TwentiethCentury,TheLastWill ofaRussianFascist.

Contents:CommunismvsFascism 1WhatareCommunismandFascism?

5IndividualRights

1.1CommunistPhilosophy

6HistoryofFascismandCommunisminPractice

1.2FascistPhilosophy

7ModernExamples

2SocialStructureandClassHierarchies

7.1PopularCommunistsandFascists

3PoliticalSystem

8CommunismandFascisminCapitalisticSystems

4EconomicSystem

9References

WhatareCommunismandFascism? Asasocioeconomicsystem,communismconsidersallpropertytobecommunal—that is,ownedbythecommunityorbythestate.Thissystemalsostressestheimportance ofa"classless"society,wheretherearenodifferencesbetweenthewealthyandthe workingclasses,betweenmenandwomen,orbetweenraces.WhileMarxist communismisthemostcommonformofcommunism,thereisalsononMarxist communism. Asisevidentbymultipledefinitionsoffascism,thereisconsiderablevariationsinwhat socialscientistscallfascism.Neverthelesswewillattempttodescribewhatitgenerally means.Fascismisalsoapoliticalandeconomicsystem,butitsfocusisonthenation state,asruledbyadictator,andonrigidsocialstructure.Underfascism,hyper masculinity,youth,andevenviolenceandmilitarismareheldinhighregard.Any "outside"ideathatconflictswiththenationstateisundesirable;assuch,fascismoften shunsconservatism,liberalism,democracy,andcommunism,alike,andisalso generallyhostiletowardequalityforwomenanddifferentracesandpeople.

CommunistPhilosophy CommunismcanbetracedbacktoThomasMore,aprominentEnglishCatholicwho wroteaboutasocietybasedaroundcommonownershipofpropertyinUtopiain1516. TheoriginofcommunismismostcommonlyassociatedwithKarlMarxandFriedrich

Engelsintheir1848bookTheCommunistManifesto.MarxwasacriticoftheIndustrial Revolutionandfeltworkingclassesweretakenadvantageofundercapitalism. Inthebook,MarxandEngelsproposeacommunistsystem,whereinpropertyis communallyownedbyanatheistic,classlesssociety,thuseliminatingdifferences betweenworkers(proletariat)andwealthyelites(bourgeosie).Theyarguethat achievingthisstatewouldeliminatenearlyallsocietalproblemscausedbyinequality andexploitationandplacemankindonahigherlevelofprogress.However,Marxand Engelsneverdescribehowsuchasocietycanbecreated,leavingessentiallyablank slateforotherstofillin. From1917to1924,VladimirLeninledtheCommunistPartyinRussia,establishingthe structureanddirectiontheideologywouldtake.Hisvisionofaglobalcommuniststate waslittlemorethananextensionofMarx's"worker'srevolution."Tothatend,Lenin soughttoinfluencecommunismanditsdevelopmentthroughoutEurope.However, internalpartystrugglesforpowerledtothedismissalorexileofkeyleaders,suchas LeonTrotsky,andleftRussia'scommunistregimeatthemercyofopportunismupon Lenin'sdeath.IntothatvacuumsteppedJosephStalin,whoeschewedtheoretical mattersinfavorofsolidifyingpower. Thedevelopmentofcommunismaroundtheworldwasinfluencedafterthe1930sby economicissues,especiallyinpostcolonialterritories,suchaspartsofAfricaandAsia, andinpoliticallyunstableregionsinCentralandSouthAmerica.AlthoughRussiatried totakealeadershiprolethrougheconomicandmilitaryinfluence,asdidChinainAsia, thelackoftrueeconomicsuccesshasthusfarlimitedthegainsmadebycommunism.

FascistPhilosophy Fascismisbasedaroundthegloryofthenationstate.Itsoriginscanbetracedtothe nationalismmovementsofthelate19thcentury.TwoFrenchmen,CharlesMaurrasand GeorgesSorel,wroteaboutintegralnationalismandradicalsyndicalistactionasways tocreateamoreorganicandprosperoussociety.ThesewritingsinfluencedItalian EnricoCorradini,whopostulatedarationalistsyndicalistmovement,ledbyaristocracy andantidemocraticforces.Combinedwithfuturism,anearly20thcenturydoctrineof forcingchange(evenresortingtoviolence),theseedsoffascismtookrootinItalyatthe beginningofWorldWarI.However,fascismformedindifferentwaysineachcountry, succeeding(Italy,Germany,Spain,brieflyinPortugal)orfailing(France)initsownway. Despitethedifferentdevelopmentprocesses,fascistregimesdoshareseveral characteristicsincommon,includingextrememilitaristicnationalism,oppositionto parliamentarydemocracy,conservativeeconomicpolicythatfavorsthewealthy, contemptforpoliticalandculturalliberalism,abeliefinnaturalsocialhierarchyandthe ruleofelites,andthedesiretocreateaVolksgemeinschaft(Germanfor“people’s community”),inwhichindividualinterestsaresubordinatedtothegoodofthenation. Twoothercharacteristicsemergedinpractice:thebindingofcorporateintereststo"the nationalwill"andoutrightcontrolofmedialeadingtowidespreadpropaganda. Thisvideoseekstoexplainthemaindifferencesbetweenfascismandcommunism.

SocialStructureandClassHierarchies CommunistsinspiredbyTheCommunistManifestobelieveclasshierarchiesmustbe abolishedbythestateseizingcontrolofprivatepropertyandindustry,thereby abolishingthecapitalistclass.Likewise,theyareoftenagainstothersocialconstructs, suchasrigidgenderroles. Contrarytocommunism'sgoalofaclasslesssociety,fascismupholdsastrictclass structure,ensuringthateverymemberofsocietyhasaspecific,unchangeablerole. Ofteninfascistsocietieswomenarerestrictedtothehomeandchildrearing,anda certainracialorethnicgroupisconsideredsuperior,withnationalandethnicunity encouragedattheexpenseofindividualityanddiversity.Forexample,Hitler'sfascist regimeglorifiedtheAryanraceandcalledfortheexterminationofJews,Gypsies,and PolesduringWorldWarII.Moreover,othergroupswithactualorperceiveddifferences, includinghomosexuals,thedisabled,andcommunists,weretargetedduringthe Holocaust.

PoliticalSystem

Bothfascismandcommunismareagainstthedemocraticprocessbutwithsome differences.Fascismlooksdownuponparliamentarydemocracy.Fascistleaderslike HitlerandMussoliniparticipatedinelectoralpoliticsbeforecomingtopower.Butafter seizingpower,fascistleaderstendedtoabolishpoliticalparties,opposeuniversal suffrageandbecamedictatorsandRulersrulersforlife. Incommunistcountries,democracymightbethepathtopower(acommunistmajority iselected),butsinglepartyruleistheprevailingtendency.Althoughelectionsmay continuetobeheld,acountry'sCommunistPartyisoftentheonlybodyeligibletoplace candidatesontheballot.Leadershipinthepartyisusuallybasedonseniorityrather thanmerit.Acentralrulingcommitteewithinthepartygovernsdebate(allowingor disallowingit)andessentiallyestablishesthe"line"thepartyfollows.Although communismpreachesinclusion,thetendencyistowardelitismandconcentrationof powerwithinthepartyleadershipalone.[1]

EconomicSystem Communismisbasedontheequaldistributionofwealth.ThetenetofMarxian communismwas"Fromeachaccordingtohisability,toeachaccordingtohisneed." Everyoneinsocietyreceivesanequalshareofthebenefitsderivedfromlabor,e.g., foodandmoney.Inordertoensurethateveryonereceivesanequalamount,allmeans ofproductionarecontrolledbythestate. Fascismallowsforprivateenterprise,butitseconomicsystemisfocusedentirelyon strengtheningandglorifyingthestate.BothFascistItalyandNaziGermanyaimedfor selfsufficiency,sothateachcountrycouldsurviveentirelywithouttradewithother nations.Seefascistcorporatism.

IndividualRights Inbothcommunismandfascism,individualchoiceorpreferencematterlessthan societyasawhole.Incommunism,religionandprivatepropertyarebothabolished,the governmentcontrolsalllaborandwealth,andindividualchoicessuchasone'sjobor educationtendtobedictatedbythegovernment.Whileprivatepropertyispermittedin fascism,mostotherchoicesarealsocontrolledtoincreasethestrengthofthestate.

HistoryofFascismandCommunisminPractice ThefirstrealworldexampleofMarxistCommunismwasinRussiain1917,whenthe BolshevikPartyseizedcontrolintheOctoberRevolution.Russianleadersofthetime, suchasVladimirLeninandLeonTrotsky,wereseenasexamplesworthyofemulation inothercountries,spearheadingthegrowthofcommunistpartiesthroughoutEurope.In reactiontowhatwasseenasagrowingcommunistmenace,fascismappearedinItaly andGermany. ModernFascismoriginatedinItalyinthe1920s,whenBenitoMussolinigainedcontrol andcoinedtheterm“fascism”todescribehisformofgovernment.Thefocuswason nationalismratherthaninclusionina"globalcommuniststate"thatmanyfearedwould createpuppetsofRussia'scommunistparty.Tokeepworkersfromseizingcontrolof theirworkplaces,corporationsandkeyeconomicenginesweretakenoverbythe government(nationalized),unitingbusinessandgovernmentintomo...