16 personality factors questionnaire PDF

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16 personality factors questionnaire...

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16 Personality Factor Questionnaire Aim To assess the personality factors of an individual using the 16 PF test by Raymond Cattell. Introduction Each individual has unique characteristic patterns of personality traits that derive and control his/her behavior. The term personality has been derived from the Latin word “persona” which means mask. In the theatre of ancient Greece and Rome, the actors used to wear masks to play a particular character. Psychologists have defined the personality traits as labels (terms) used for describing enduring characteristics (attributes) which influence someone’s behavior across situations (Gerrig, R.J., 2013) and they assumed that traits denote how much (quantitatively) of those characteristics the individual has (Penner, 2012). Personality is defined as the combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual's distinctive character. The traits are stable or relatively stable and therefore they can be predicted over time. Traits are also stable or relatively stable across situations; which explains why people behave in predictable ways in several different situations. Personality traits reflect people’s characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Personality traits imply consistency and stability —someone who scores high on a specific trait like Extraversion is expected to be sociable in different situations and over time. Theories of personality: 1. Psychoanalytic Theory: The psychoanalytic perspective of personality emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences and the unconscious mind. This perspective on personality was created by psychiatrist Sigmund Freud who believed that things hidden in the

unconscious could be revealed in a number of different ways, including through dreams, free association, and slips of the tongue. 2. Trait Approaches: The trait perspective of personality is centered on identifying, describing, and measuring the specific traits that make up human personality. Hans Eysenck: Suggested that there are three dimensions of personality: 1) extraversion-introversion, 2) emotional stability-neuroticism, and 3) psychoticism. Raymond Cattell: Identified 16 personality traits that he believed could be utilized to understand and measure individual differences in personality. 3. Humanistic Perspectives: The humanistic perspective of personality focuses on psychological growth, free will, and personal awareness. It takes a more positive outlook on human nature and is centered on how each person can achieve their individual potential. Carl Rogers: Believed in the inherent goodness of people and emphasized the importance of free will and psychological growth. He suggested that the actualizing tendency is the driving force behind human behavior 4. Social-Cognitive Perspective: The social cognitive perspective of personality emphasizes the importance of observational learning, self-efficacy, situational influences, and cognitive processes. The five trait dimensions; Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness (usually abbreviated as NEOAC or OCEAN for better remembering) have been organized in a hierarchical structure of the personality traits known as the Five-big or interchangeably as the Five-Factor Model (FFM) (Clark 2012, Goldberg 1990, Costa 1992, Pervin 1999).

Other measures for personality assessment: 1. MBTI/ Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: Perhaps the best-known personality test, Myers Briggs was developed in the 1940s by Katharine Cook Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers (her daughter). The 93-question assessment places people into one of 16 personality types, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. The test is based on Carl Jung’s original theory that humans experience life using four psychological functions – sensation, intuition, feeling and thinking. 2. MMPI/ Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory :This massive, 567question true-false assessment was invented in 1939 by Hathaway and McKinley to analyse personalities and psychopathology across 10 scales Historical Background of 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire

The first edition of 16PF was released in 1949. 16PF is perhaps the only major inventory to have been developed using the factor-analytic approach. Earlier versions of the 16PF were often criticized for the low internal-consistency reliabilities of their scales, but the scales have been improved in the most recent version of the 16PF (Conn & Rieke, 1994), which contains nearly 200 items. In order to scientifically establish a formal framework for understanding personality, Cattell used a statistical technique known as factor analysis. He started out with a list of 4,500 adjectives that could describe people (taken from the English dictionary). He then completed a laborious process of grouping these adjectives into 171 ‘clusters’, which were used in a series of studies where people rated others on the traits. Over a period of several years, Cattell and his team of psychologists then used this data to boil down the set of traits to just 16. These 16 traits were the smallest number of factors believed to meaningfully describe observable behavior. Application of the tool 1. 16PF can be used to assess personality types during job selection. 2. It can be utilised for career counselling so as to devise appropriate career routes according to personality type. 3. It can be utilised in research and clinical settings.

Review of literature

1. Singh (2014) aimed to determine the significant difference between high and low achievers on 16 personality traits factors. Among a sample of 200 adolescents (100 high achiever and 100 low achiever) studying in B.A partIwere selectedby stratified random technique from different colleges located in Ranchi.16 personality factor questionnaires were administered to measure the dimensions of personality traits of both the groups. Data was analyzed by using means, standard deviations and t test. Results revealed that high achievers had a unique personality profile than low achievers.

2. Mehndi (2016) studied the relative efficacy of 16 personality factors, in predicting self confidence, achievement motivation and locus of control, taking into account the internal relations among the personality factors. The standardized tools personality questionnaire Cattell’s 16 personality factors questionnaire, Sanjay Vohra’s Levenson’s Locus of Control of control scale, Self Confidence questionnaire (SCQ), Achievement Motivation Bhargava’s achievement motive test were used to collect data a sample is a case study of volleyball player representing state, national, and international level the descriptive statistical analysis were used to analyze the data. The findings of the study : The potency of personality factor A, B, C, D, E, F, H, I, L, M, N, O, Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 taken together in the prediction of Self Confidence, Achievement Motivation and Locus of Control of an a volleyball player. Personality factor the maximum contribution and factor F, H & Q3 makes considerable contribution for prediction. 3. Singh & Silakari (2017) explored the impact of training to create a pool of Teacher-Counselors who would facilitate and manage the various transitions and phases in students’ lives. 16 out of 44 teachers in one of the Rural Grant in Aid High Schools of Banaskantha District were selected for the process. Pre and post assessment was carried out using 16PF and Draw-A-Man Test. Teachers found to be low on self-level attributes namely – emotional wellbeing, self-esteem, social skills and stress tolerance were selected for the first module – ‘Self-Management and Personal Empowerment’. Designed to bring them on par with the other teachers and hence empower and sharpen their skills in reaching out to students via self -learning. The outcome was an enabling class environment with focus on learning and teaching effectiveness. The post training assessment on the 16PF suggested, positive changes on Factors H (social boldness) & Q3 (perfectionism). 4. Singh, Bhardwaj, Subhra in 2020 conducted a research with the purpose of comparing personalities of bronchial asthma patients with normal control participants. A group of 50 asthmatic outdoor patients with age range of 40-55 years was purposely sampled. A group of 100 normal subjects was also sampled for the comparison purpose. The 16PF questionnaire was used as the measure of personality. The results suggested that bronchial asthma

patient groups possessed a different personality constellation as compared to the normal participants. 5. Santosh and Praksh in 2020 conducted a research to identify the types of the personality traits held by the parents of children with different categories of ID. BASIC-MR and 16PF were the scales used in this research. It was found that violent-destructive behvaiour, self-harm and repetitive behaviours were associated with parents personality traits like sensitivity and openness to change.

Methodology Description of the test The 16PF items ask respondents to self-assess their personality as some instruments do (e.g., "I am a warm and friendly person; I am not a worrier; I am an even tempered person."), they tend instead to ask about daily, concrete situations, e.g.: When I find myself in a boring situation, I usually "tune out" and daydream about other things. True/False. When a bit of tact and convincing is needed to get people moving, I'm usually the one who does it. True/False. Cattell argued that self-ratings relate to self-image, and are affected by selfawareness, and defensiveness about one's actual traits. The 16PF provides scores on 16 primary personality scales and five global personality scales, all of which are bipolar (both ends of each scale have a distinct, meaningful definition). Reliability Moderate to good reliability ratings have been reported for the 16PF. Based on a sample of 10,261 individuals, Internal consistency reliabilities are on average 0.76 for the primary scales and a range of 0.68 to 0.87 for all 16 scales. The testreliabilities over a 2 week period showed scores of 0.69-0.87 for all scales and a 2-

month interval showed scores ranging from 0.56-0.79. This data can be found and supported in the 16PF Fifth Edition Technical Manual by Conn & Rieke, 1994. Validity Studies conducted have supported construct validity (Chernysheno, Stark, & Chan, 2001; Conn &Rieke, 1994; Catell & Krug, 1986; Gerbing & Tuley, 1991; Hofer, Horn, & Eber, 1997). Translation into several languages – Italian, French, Japanese, German – is available for the 16PF. The test’s applied validity to counseling, career development, personality assessment, and clinical problems have been supported (Kelly, 1999; Krug & Johns, 1990; Schuerger & Watterson, 1998). The 16PF is an established instrument receiving thousands of publications and qualified recommendations.

Materials Required Paper, Pencil, questionnaire, Manual & stopwatch.

Demographic Information Name: A.K Age: 17 Gender: Male Educational Qualification: 12th Std.

Administration The Sixteen Personality Factors Questionnaire (16PF): This questionnaire was developed by Raymond Cattell and colleagues (1993). The 16PF is a 185-item multiple-choice questionnaire that assesses sixteen personality factors. These factors are- warmth, reasoning, emotional stability, dominance, liveliness, role-

consciousness, social boldness, sensitivity, vigilance, abstractedness, privateness, apprehension, openness to change, self-reliance, perfectionism and tension. This test has been found extremely helpful in career guidance, vocational exploration and occupational testing. Instructions As given on the first page of the questionnaire.

Procedure

The participant was made to sit comfortably. The participant was engaged in an informal conversation to make them feel relaxed. Once it was ensured that they are comfortable, the test was introduced. The instructions for the test were given to the participant. The participant was assured that their results would be kept confidential and not shared with anyone. If the participant had any query, it was addressed, and the administration was started. Observational Report The subject was excited with the thought of getting to know the positive traits of the personality. He started with high spirits but later on with the number of questions he felt a little tired. Introspective Report “It was good but there were so many questions and it was kind of a turn-off for me”. Precautions

A well lit comfortable place was chosen with the minimum sound or distractions so it is easy for the subject to focus on the task. Results S.No.

16 PF

Stens

1

A

6

2

B

9

3

C

8

4

E

9

5

F

10

6

G

9

7

H

10

8

I

3

9

L

3

10

M

6

11

N

9

12

O

3

13

Q1

9

14

Q2

3

15

Q3

10

16

Q4

3

Table 1. Sten scores of the 16PF

Discussion The aim was to assess the personality factors of the subject using 16PF by Raymond Cattell. As shown in the result table, the subject showed the tendency towards the higher direction or high sten score description in ten (B= 9, C=8, E=9, F=10, G=9, H=10, N=9, Q1=9, and Q3=10) out of sixteen personality factors. The

subject was average in A with sten score of 6M with a score of 6, out of the sixteen factors. Towards the lower direction or low sten score description in five factors namely I with a score of 3, L with a score of 3, O with a score of 3 and Q4 with a score of 3 out of total 16 factors. The scores of the subject show that He is dominated by a sense of duty, believes in persevaration and is a responsible, thoughtful, individual. He is spontaneous and quick-witted. His “thick-skinned” traits enable tiring emotional situations. He is humble, realistic, practical and thinks subjectively as well. He can be called polished, experimental and shrewd, unruffled and to have the unshakable nerve. He is experimenting, interested in intellectual matters, has doubts on fundamental issues, prefers to work and make decisions with other people, and likes and depends on social approval and administration. He is a sedate, relaxed, composed, and satisfied person. According to one of the research mentioned above by Singh (2014), high achievers tend to score on most of the traits on 16 personality factors, Overall. The scores show that the subject is a high-achiever.

References Bunker, L. N., & Chouhan, S. Personality Trait and Family Environment of Criminal.

Ciccarelli, S. K., & White, J. N. Psychology: an exploration. Pearson Prentice Hall (2010). Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. Four ways five factors are basic. Personality and Individual Differences, 13(6), 653–665 (1992). Santosh, A. K., & Prakash, J. (2020, October 3). Personality traits of parents and problems behaviors of the children with intellectual disabilities. https://doi.org/10.25215/0803.001 Singh, S. K. (2014). Personality Traits and Academic Achievement among College Students. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 2(1), 29-35. Singh, R. N.; Bharadwaj, Shubhra S (2020) Personality profiles of bronchial asthma patients and normal persons. Indian Journal of Health & Wellbeing. Vol. 11 Issue 4-6, p255-257. 3p....