2019 UST Golden Notes Political LAW PDF

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POLITICAL LAW2019 GOLDEN NOTES FACULTYOF CIVIL LAW UNIVERSITY OFSANTO TOMAS MANILAThe UST GOLDEN NOTES is the annual student -edited bar review material of the University of Santo Tomas, Faculty of Civil Law. Communications regarding the Notes should be addressed to the Academics Committee of the Te...

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POLITICAL LAW 2019 GOLDEN NOTES FACULTY OF CIVIL LAW UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS MANILA

The UST GOLDEN NOTES is the annual student -edited bar review material of the University of Santo Tomas, Faculty of Civil Law. Communications regarding the Notes should be addressed to the Academics Committee of the Team: BarOps. Address:

Academics Committee UST Bar Operations Faculty of Civil Law University of Santo Tomas España, Manila 1008

Tel. No:

(02) 731-4027 (02) 406-1611 loc. 8578

Academics Committee Faculty of Civil Law University of Santo Tomas España, Manila 1008 All rights reserved by the Academics Committee of the Faculty of Civil Law of the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas, the Catholic University of the Philippines. 2019 Edition. No portion of this material may be copied or reproduced in books, pamphlets, outlines or notes, whether printed, mimeographed, typewritten, copied in different electronic devises or in any other form, for distribution or sale, without a written permission. A copy of this material without the corresponding code either proceeds from an illegal source or is in possession of one who has no authority to dispose the same.

No. ____________ Printed in the Philippines August 2019.

ACADEMIC YEAR 2019-2020 CIVIL LAW STUDENT COUNCIL LYODYCHIE Q. CAMARAO MARIA FRANCES FAYE R. GUTIERREZ KRYSTAL GAYLE R. DIGAY

PRESIDENT INTERNAL VICE PRESIDENT SECRETARY

TEAM: BAR-OPS NICOLE MARIE A. CORTES MARYLOU RENZI M. OLOTEO CHRISTINE JOYCE P. ANDRES KRIZA NIÑA B. MALALUAN ELOUISA ANN DC. CARREON CIARI T. MENDOZA ELISHA ELAINE D. BAYOT JOSEPHINE GRACE W. ANG PATRICIA MAE D. GUILLERMO RAFAEL JEROME M. MENDOZA KHYNA MATHEA N. CANLAS MARSHAN DEINN S. GUALBERTO KIER JOHN V. UY GLENN MATTHEW C. MANLAPID VAN ANGELO K. RESPICIO JAMES ROSS L. TAN LOUELL JUDE B. QUE MON FRANCIS A. TOLENTINO CLARA LOUISSE J. YUMANG JOCHRIS DANIEL Z. GUADES JERREMIAH KRIZIAH B. BATALLER

CHAIRPERSON VICE-CHAIRPERSON SECRETARY ASST. SECRETARY HEAD, PUBLIC RELATIONS OFFICER ASST. HEAD, PUBLIC RELATIONS OFFICER HEAD, FINANCE COMMITTEE HEAD, HOTEL ACCOMODATIONS COMMITTEE ASST. HEAD, HOTEL ACCOMODATIONS COMMITTEE ASST. HEAD, HOTEL ACCOMODATIONS COMMITTEE ASST. HEAD, HOTEL ACCOMODATIONS, COMMITTEE ASST. HEAD, HOTEL ACCOMODATIONS, COMMITTEE LOGISTICS COMMITTEE LOGISTICS COMMITTEE LOGISTICS COMMITTEE LOGISTICS COMMITTEE LOGISTICS COMMITTEE SENIOR MEMBER SENIOR MEMBER SENIOR MEMBER SENIOR MEMBER

ATTY. AL CONRAD B. ESPALDON ADVISER

ACADEMICS COMMITTEE EDREA JEAN V. RAMIREZ AYA DOMINIQUE S. CAPARAS ARIANNA LAINE T. SARMIENTO BELLE COLLEEN T. DE LEON PAMELA NICOLE S. MANALO RUTH MAE G. SANVICTORES LAURISSE MARIE T. PERIANES CIARI T. MENDOZA

SECRETARY GENERAL ASST. SECRETARY GENERAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE EXECUTIVE COMMITTE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE LAYOUT ARTIST COVER DESIGN ARTIST

POLITICAL LAW COMMITTEE JAYSON GABRIEL R. SORIANO POLITICAL LAW COMMITTEE HEAD SARA D. LARCE KIMBERLY S. GUILLERMO ROCHELLE NIEVA D. CURIBA JULIE ANN C. MANGUIAT

POLITICAL LAW COMMITTEE ASST. HEAD CONSTITUTIONAL LAW COMMITTEE ASST. HEAD PUBLIC CORPORATIONS COMMITTEE ASST. HEAD LAW ON PUBLIC OFFICERS AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW COMMITTEE ASST. HEAD PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMITTEE ASST. HEAD

LAUREN STAR A. BORROMEO

MEMBERS MA. SHEMEDA P. CARO CJ DELA CRUZ AIREI KIM P. GUANGA MARIA FRANCES FAYE R. GUTIERREZ

MAECY JEAN L. PALAD GABRIEL THADEUS S. PELAGIO DHEN-DHEN G. RAMOS STEPHANIE BRIANNE C. SALIBA

ATTY. AL CONRAB B. ESPALDON Adviser

FACULTY OF CIVIL LAW

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS ACADEMIC OFFICIALS

ATTY. NILO T. DIVINA

REV. FR. ISIDRO C. ABAÑO, O.P.

DEAN

REGENT

ATTY. ARTHUR B. CAPILI FACULTY SECRETARY

ATTY. ELGIN MICHAEL C. PEREZ LEGAL COUNSEL UST CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTO CONCEPCION LEGAL AID CLINIC

JUDGE PHILIP A. AGUINALDO SWDB COORDINATOR

LENY G. GADANIA, R.G.C. GUIDANCE COUNSELOR

OUR DEEPEST APPRECIATION TO OUR MENTORS AND INSPIRATION Justice Amy Lazaro-Javier Justice Oswaldo D. Agcaoili Judge Charito M. Sawali Atty. Carlo L. Cruz Atty. Enrique V. Dela Cruz Atty. Rene B. Gorospe Atty. Victoria V. Loanzon Atty. Rafaelito M. Garayblas Atty. Anicia C. Marquez Atty. Edwin R. Sandoval Atty. Mauricio C. Ulep

For being our guideposts in understanding the intricate sphere of Political Law. -Academics Committee 2019

TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Preliminary Provisions and Basic Concepts.......................................................................................................1 A. National Territory......................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Archipelagic doctrine...................................................................................................................................1 B. Declaration of principles and state policies.............................................................................................2 C. Separation of powers.................................................................................................................................. 10 D. Checks and balances...................................................................................................................................12 E. State immunity............................................................................................................................................. 13 II. Legislative Department...................................................................................................................................... 19 A. Legislative Power......................................................................................................................................... 19 B. Principle of Non-Delegability.................................................................................................................... 19 C. Houses of Congress...................................................................................................................................... 20 D. District Representatives and Questions of Apportionment............................................................... 22 E. Party-List System.........................................................................................................................................24 F. Legislative Privileges, Inhibitions and Disqualifications.....................................................................28 G. Discipline of Members................................................................................................................................30 H. Process of Law Making............................................................................................................................... 31 I. Quorum and Voting Majorities..................................................................................................................34 J. Appropriation and Re-Alignment..............................................................................................................36 K. Legislative Inquiries and Oversight Functions......................................................................................39 L. Power of Impeachment...............................................................................................................................44 M. Electoral Tribunals..................................................................................................................................... 46 N. Commission on Appointments.................................................................................................................49 O. Initiative and Referendum........................................................................................................................ 50 III. Executive Department.......................................................................................................................................53 A. Qualifications, Election and Term of the President and Vice-President..........................................53 B. Privileges, Inhibitions and Disqualifications........................................................................................ 54 C. Powers of the President.............................................................................................................................59 1. Executive and administrative powers in general.....................................................................................59 2. Power of appointment...............................................................................................................................60 a. Confirmation and by-passed appointments 61 b. Ad interim appointments 61 c. Midnight appointments 63 d. Power of removal....................................................................................................................................... 64 3. Power of control and supervision............................................................................................................. 65 a. Doctrine of qualified political agency 66 b. Executive departments and offices 67 c. Local government units 67 4. Military powers......................................................................................................................................... 68 5. Executive clemency....................................................................................................................................72 6. Powers pertinent to foreign relations.......................................................................................................76 D. Rules on Succession....................................................................................................................................77 IV. Judicial Department............................................................................................................................................80 A. Concepts........................................................................................................................................................80

1. Judicial power............................................................................................................................................80 2. Judicial review........................................................................................................................................... 80 a. Requisites of judicial review 80 b. Political Question Doctrine 83 c. Moot questions 84 d. Operative Fact Doctrine 85 B. Safeguards of Judicial independence......................................................................................................85 C. Judicial and Bar Council............................................................................................................................. 87 a. Composition of JBC.................................................................................................................................... 87 b. Powers of JBC............................................................................................................................................. 87 D. Fiscal Autonomy.......................................................................................................................................... 88 E. Qualifications of Members of the Judiciary............................................................................................88 F. Workings of the Supreme Court................................................................................................................90 1. En banc decisions...................................................................................................................................... 90 2. Procedural rule-making............................................................................................................................ 91 3. Administrative supervision over lower courts..........................................................................................92 4. Original and appellate jurisdiction...........................................................................................................92 V. Constitutional Commissions............................................................................................................................... 93 A. Common Provisions....................................................................................................................................93 B. Powers and functions of the CSC, COMELEC and COA........................................................................... 94 C. Composition and Qualifications of Members.........................................................................................94 D. Prohibited Offices and Interests.............................................................................................................. 97 E. Review of final orders, resolutions and decisions................................................................................ 97 1. Rendered in the exercise of quasi-judicial functions................................................................................97 2. Rendered in the exercise of administrative functions.............................................................................. 97 F. Jurisdiction of Each Constitutional Commission................................................................................... 98 VI. Bill of Rights...................................................................................................................................................... 100 A. Fundamental powers of the state (police power, eminent domain, taxation)..............................100 B. Private acts and the Bill of Rights..........................................................................................................108 C. Rights to life, liberty & property............................................................................................................108 1. Procedural and substantive due process................................................................................................ 109 2. Constitutional and statutory due process.............................................................................................. 111 3. Void-for-vagueness doctrine...................................................................................................................113 4. Hierarchy of rights..................................................................................................................................114 D. Equal protection........................................................................................................................................115 1. Requisites for valid classification........................................................................................................... 115 2. Rational basis, strict scrutiny and intermediate scrutiny test.............................................................. 116 E. Searches and seizures.............................................................................................................................. 117 1. Requisites for a valid warrant................................................................................................................ 118 2. Warrantless searches and seizures.........................................................................................................121 3. Administrative arrests............................................................................................................................ 125 4. Evidence obtained through purely mechanical act............................................................................... 126 F. Privacy of communications and correspondence...............................................................................127 1. Private and public communications.......................................................................................................127 2. Intrusion, when allowed; exclusionary rule........................................................................................... 127 G. Freedom of speech and expression....................................................................................................... 131 1. Prior restraint and subsequent punishment..........................................................................................133 2. Content-based and content-neutral regulations.................................................................................... 136 3. Facial challenges and the overbreadth doctrine................................................................................... 136

4. Dangerous tendency, balancing of interests, and clear and present danger test................................. 138 5. State regulation of different types of mass media................................................................................. 138 6. Commercial speech................................................................................................................................. 140 7. Unprotected speech................................................................................................................................. 141 H. Freedom of religion.................................................................................................................................. 141 1. Non-establishment clause and free exercise clauses..............................................................................141 2. Benevolent neutrality and conscientious objectors............................................................................... 143 3. Lemon and compelling state interest.....................................................................................................145 I. Liberty of abode and right to travel........................................................................................................146 1. Scope and limitations..............................................................................................................................146 2. Watch-list and hold departure orders.................................................................................................... 147 J. Right to information.................................................................................................................................. 148 1. Scope and limitations..............................................................................................................................149 2. Publication of laws and regulations.......................................................................................................150 3. Non-impairment of contracts.................................................................................................................150 K. Free access to courts and adequate legal assistance.........................................................................151 L. Miranda/custodial investigation rights................................................................................................152 M. Rights of the accused............................................................................................................................... 155 N. Right to speedy disposition of cases..................................................................................................... 155 O. Right against self-incrimination............................................................................................................ 156 P. Right against double jeopardy................................................................................................................157 Q. Involuntary servitude.............................................................................................................................. 160 R. Right against excessive fines and ...