UST Golden Notes in Obligations and Cont PDF
| Title | UST Golden Notes in Obligations and Cont |
|---|---|
| Course | Accountancy |
| Institution | First Asia Institute of Technology and Humanities |
| Pages | 56 |
| File Size | 2.3 MB |
| File Type | |
| Total Downloads | 133 |
| Total Views | 414 |
Summary
OBLIGATIONSOBLIGATIONSͳ͵U N I V E R S I T Y O F S A N T O T O M A SFacultad de Derecho CivilACADEMICS CHAIR: LESTER JAY ALAN E. FLORES II VICE CHAIRS FOR ACADEMICS: KAREN JOY G. SABUGO & JOHN HENRY C. MENDOZA VICE CHAIR FOR ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE : JEANELLE C. LEE VICE CHAIRS FOR LAY‐OU...
Description
OBLIGATIONS OBLIGATIONS I.DEFINITION Q:Whatisanobligation? A:Itisajuridicalnecessitytogive,todo,ornotto do.(Art.1156,NCC) It is a juridical relation whereby a person (creditor)maydemandfromanother(debtor)the observance of a determinative conduct (giving, doing, or not doing), and in case of breach, may demandsatisfactionfromtheassetsof thelatter. (AriasRamos) Note:Art.1156refersonlytocivilobligationswhich areenforceableincourtwhenbreached.Itdoesnot cover natural obligations (Arts. 1423‐1430, NCC) because these are obligations that cannot be enforcedincourtbeingbasedmerelyonequityand natural law and not on positive law. (Pineda, ObligationsandContracts,2000ed,p.3)
II.ELEMENTSOFANOBLIGATION Q:Whataretheelementsofanobligation? A:JAPOC 1. Juridicalorlegaltie–vinculumjuris; 2. Activesubject–obligeeorcreditor; 3. Passivesubject–obligorordebtor; 4. Object–prestation;and 5. Cause – efficientcauseisthesamewith vinculumjuris. VINCULUMJURIS Q:Whatisvinculumjuris? A:Itistheefficientcauseorjuridicaltiebyvirtue of which the debtor has become bound to performtheprestation. Q:Howisvinculumjurisestablished? A:By: 1. law(i.e.– relationofhusbandandwife forsupport) 2. bilateralacts(i.e.–contracts) 3. unilateral acts (i.e. – crimes and quasi‐ delicts)(Tolentino, Civil Code Vol. IV, p. 59,1999ed)
ACTIVESUBJECT Q:Whoisanactivesubject? A:Onewhoisdemandingtheperformanceofthe obligation.Itishewho in hisfavortheobligation isconstituted,establishedorcreated.He iscalled thecreditor(CR)orobligee. PASSIVESUBJECT Q:Whoisapassivesubject? A: One bound to perform the prestation to give, todo,ornottodo.Heiscalledthedebtor(DR)or obligor. (Pineda, Obligations and Contracts, p. 2, 2000ed) Note:Whenthereisarightthereisacorresponding obligation.Rightistheactiveaspectwhileobligation is the passive aspect. Thus, it is said that the conceptsofcreditanddebt aretwo distinctaspects ofunitaryconceptofobligation.(Pineda,Obligations andContracts,p.2,2000ed)
OBJECT Q:Whataretherequisitesofavalidobject? A:Theobjectmustbe: 1. licitorlawful; 2. possible,physically&judicially; 3. determinateordeterminable;and 4. pecuniary value or possible equivalent inmoney. Note: Absence of either of the first three (licit, possibleand/ordeterminate)makestheobjectvoid. Form is not generally considered essential, though sometimes itis added as the 5th requisite.Thereisno particular form to make obligations binding, except in certain rare cases. (Tolentino, Civil Code of the Philippines,Vol.IV,2002ed.p.57)
III.DIFFERENTKINDSOFPRESTATION Q:Whatisprestation? A:Itisaconductthatmayconsistofgiving,doing, ornotdoingsomething. Note:Itistheconduct that mustbe observed by the debtor/obligor.
ACADEMICSC HAIR:LESTERJAY ALANE.F LORESII UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS VICEC HAIRSFORACADEMICS : KAREN J OYG.S ABUGO& JOHNHENRYC. MENDOZA Facultad de Derecho Civil VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONAND FINANCE:J EANELLEC. LEE VICEC HAIRSFOR LAY‐OUT ANDD ESIGN: E ARLLOUIE M. MASACAYAN& T HEENAC.MARTINEZ
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UST GOLDEN NOTES 2011 Q: What are the different kinds of prestation? Distinguish. A:
2.
Performance a. Positive–togive;todo b. Negative–nottodo Subjectmatter a. Personal–todo;nottodo b. Real–togive Object a. Determinate/specific– particularlydesignatedor physicallysegregatedfromall othersofthesameclass. b. Generic– is designated merely by itsclassorgenus. c. Limited generic– generic objects confined to a particular class (e.g. an obligation to deliver one of my horses)(Tolentino,CivilCodeofthe Philippines,Vol.IV,2002ed,p.91)
OBLIGATION OBLIGATIONTO TOGIVE DO
OBLIGATION NOTTODO
3.
Consistsinthe Coversallkinds ofworksor deliveryofa services movableor whether immovable physicalor thingtothe mental creditor
Consistsin refrainingfrom doingsomeacts
4.
i.e.–Sale, deposit, pledge, donation, antichresis
i.e.–Easement prohibiting building proprietoror possessorfrom i.e.–Contract committing forprofessional nuisance(Art. serviceslike 682,NCC), painting, restrainingorder modeling, orinjunction singing,etc. (Pineda, Obligationsand Contracts,p.3, 2000ed)
Q:Whataretherequisitesofavalidprestation? A: 1. Possible,physicallyandjuridically; 2. Determinate, or at least determinable according to pre‐established elements orcriteria;and 3. Has a possible equivalent in money (Tolentino,CivilCodeVol.IV,p.58,1999 ed). IV.CLASSIFICATIONOFOBLIGATIONS Q:Whatarethekindsofobligation? A:Fromtheviewpointof: 1. Sanction a. Civil – gives a right of action to compeltheirperformance b. Natural–notbasedonpositivelaw but on equity and natural law; does not granta right ofaction to enforce their performance, but after voluntary fulfillment by the obligor,theyauthorizeretentionof whathasbeendelivered/rendered byreasonthereof. c. Moral– cannot be enforced by actionbutarebindingontheparty who makes it in conscience and naturallaw.
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5.
Personobliged a. Unilateral – only one party is bound b. Bilateral–bothpartiesarebound
6.
Creation a. Legal–imposedbylaw(Art.1158, NCC) b. Conventional – established by the agreement of the parties like contracts
7.
Susceptibilityofpartialfulfillment a. Divisible–obligationissusceptible ofpartialperformance b. Indivisible – obligation is not susceptible
8.
Existenceofburdenorcondition a. Pure – is not burdened with any conditionorterm.Itisimmediately demandable. b. Conditional – is subject to a conditionwhichmaybesuspensive (happeningofwhichshallgiverise to the obligation) or resolutory (happening terminates the obligation). Characterofresponsibilityorliability a. Joint – each debtor is liable only forapartofthewholeliabilityand toeachcreditorshallbelongonlya partofthecorrelativerights b. Solidary – a debtor is answerable for the whole of the obligation without prejudice to his right to
9.
CIVILLAWTEAM: ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA ;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII; ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ. FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
OBLIGATIONS substitution of the first one (Art. 1206,NCC)
collect from his co‐debtors the latter’s shares in the obligation (Art.1207,NCC)
11. Impositionofpenalty a. Simple – there is no penalty imposedforviolationoftheterms thereof b. Obligation with penalty – obligationwhichimposesapenalty for violation (Art. 1226, NCC) (Pineda,ObligationsandContracts, 2000ed,p.5‐7)
10. Righttochooseandsubstitution a. Alternative – obligor may choose to completely perform one out of the several prestations(Art. 1199, NCC) b. Facultative – only one prestation has been agreed upon, but the obligor may render one in
V.SOURCESOFOBLIGATIONS Q:Whatarethesourcesofobligations?Distinguish. A:LCQ‐DQ Sources Obligations Perfection Law exlege Fromthetimedesignatedbythelawcreatingorregulatingthem. GR:Fromthetimeoftheperfectionofthecontract(i.e.meetingof theminds) XPNs: 1. Whenthepartiesmadestipulationon therightof thecreditor Contracts excontractu tothefruitsofthething 2. When the obligation is subject to a suspensive condition or period;arisesuponfulfillmentofthecondition or expirationof theperiod. Quasi‐ exquasi‐contractu contracts exmaleficioorex Delicts Fromthetimedesignatedbythelawcreatingorregulatingthem. delicto exquasimaleficioorex Quasi‐ delict quasi‐delicto Note:Theenumerationisexclusive.
A.OBLIGATIONEXLEGE Q: What are the characteristics of a legal obligationoranobligationexlege? A: 1. Does not need the consent of the obligor; 2. Must be expressly set forth in the law creating it and not merely presumed; and 3. Inorderthatthelawmaybeasourceof obligation, it should be the creator of theobligationitself. Q:Whatgovernsobligationsarisingfromlaw? A: These obligations shall be regulated by the provisionsofthelawwhichestablishesthem.The CivilCodeisapplicablesuppletorily.
B.OBLIGATIONEXCONTRACTU Q: Whataretherequisitesforacontracttogive risetoobligationsexcontractu? A: 1. It must contain all the essential requisitesofacontract 2. It must not be contrary to law, morals, good customs, public order, and public policy Q:Whatis“complianceingoodfaith”? A: It is performance in accordance with the stipulation, clauses, terms and conditions of the contract. Note:Thecontractisthe“law”betweentheparties.
ACADEMICSC HAIR:LESTERJAY ALANE. F LORESII UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS VICEC HAIRSFORACADEMICS : KAREN J OYG.S ABUGO& JOHNHENRYC. MENDOZA Facultad de Derecho Civil VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONAND FINANCE:J EANELLEC. LEE VICEC HAIRSFOR LAY‐OUT ANDD ESIGN: E ARLLOUIE M. MASACAYAN& T HEENAC.MARTINEZ
175
UST GOLDEN NOTES 2011 Q:Mayapartyunilaterallyevadehisobligation inthecontract? A: GR:Neither party may unilaterally evade his obligationinthecontract. XPNs:Unilateralevasionisallowedwhenthe: 1. contractauthorizessuchevasion 2. otherpartyassentsthereto Q:Istherealimitationontherightoftheparties tofreelyenterintostipulations? A: Yes. Parties may freely enter into any stipulations provided such are not contrary to law,morals,goodcustoms,publicorder orpublic policy Q: What governs obligations arising from contracts? A: GR:These obligations shall be governed primarily by the stipulations, clauses, terms andconditionsoftheparties’agreements. XPN: Contracts with prestations that are unconscionableorunreasonable. Note: In case of unconscionable penalty for breachofcontract(Art.1229,NCC),orliquidated damages (Art. 2226, NCC), the same may be reduced by the court. (Pineda, Obligations and Contracts,p.13,2000ed)
C.OBLIGATIONEXQUASI‐CONTRACTU Q:Whatisquasi‐contract? A: It is a juridical relation arising from lawful, voluntary and unilateral acts based on the principle that no one should unjustly enrich himselfattheexpenseofanother. Q:Whatispresumptiveconsent? A: Since a quasi‐contract is a unilateral contract createdbythesoleactoractsofthe gestor,there is no express consent given by the other party. The consent needed in a contract is provided by law through presumption. (Pineda, Obligations andContracts,p.15,2000ed) Q: What are the principal forms of quasi‐ contracts? A:
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1.
2.
Negotiorium gestio (inofficious manager) – arises when a person voluntarily takes charge of the management of the business or propertyofanother withoutanypower fromthelatter. Solutio indebiti (unjust enrichment)– takes place when a person receives something from another without any right to demand for it, and the thing was unduly delivered to him through mistake.
Note: The deliverymustnot bethrough liberality or someothercause.
NEGOTIORUMGESTIO Q: Upon the declaration of martial rule in the Philippines, X, together with his wife and children, disappeared from his residence along Ermita, Manila. Years passed without Y hearing fromXandhisfamily.Ycontinuedtakingcareof X’shouse,evencausingminorrepairstobedone at his house to preserve it. In 1976, when business began to perk up in the area, Z, approached Y and proposed that they build stores at the ground floor of the house and convertitssecondfloorinto apension house.Y agreed to Z’s proposal and together they spent fortheconstructionofstoresatthegroundfloor and the conversion of the second floor into a pensionhouse.Whileconstructionwasgoingon, fire occurred at a nearby house. The houses at the entire block, including X’s, were burned. After the EDSA revolution in February 1986, X and his family returned from the United States wheretheytookrefugein1972. Upon learningofwhathappenedtohishouse,X suedYfordamages.Ypleadedas adefensethat he merely took charge of his house under the principle ofnegotiorumgestio.Hewasnotliable astheburningofthehouseisafortuitousevent. IsYliabletoXfordamagesundertheforegoing circumstance? A:No.Yis notliablefor damages, because he isa gestor in negotiorum gestio(Art. 2144, NCC).Furthermore, B is not liable to A for any fortuitous event because he did not commit any oftheinstancesprovidedunderArt. 2147 ofthe CivilCode: 1. He did not undertake risky operation which the owner was not accustomed to embarkupon; 2. He has not preferred his own interest to thatoftheowner;
CIVILLAWTEAM: ADVISER:ATTY.ELMERT.RABUYA ;SUBJECTHEAD:ALFREDOB.DIMAFELIXII; ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KARENFELIZG.SUPNAD,LAMBERTOL.SANTOSIII;MEMBERS:PAULELBERTE.AMON,ALSTONANARNA,OZANJ. FULLEROS,CECILIOM.JIMENO,JR.,ISMAELSARANGAYA,JR.;CONTRIBUTORS:LOISERAEG.NAVAL,MONICAJUCOM
OBLIGATIONS 3. 4.
Hehasnotfailedtoreturnthepropertyor businessafterdemandoftheowner;and He has not assumed the management in badfaith.(1993BarQuestion)
Q: In fear of reprisals from lawless elements besieging his barangay, X abandoned his fishpond, fled to Manila and left for Europe. Seekingthatthefishinthefishpondwereready for harvest, Y, who is in the business of managingfishpondsonacommissionbasis,took possession of the property, harvested the fish andsoldtheentireharvesttoZ. Thereafter,YborrowedmoneyfromWandused themoneytobuy newsuppliesoffishfryandto preparethefishpondforthenextcrop. 1. What is the juridical relation between XandYduringX'sabsence? 2. Upon the return of X to thebarangay, what are the obligations of Y to X as regardsthecontractwithZ? 3. Upon X's return, what are the obligationsofXasregardsY'scontract withW? 4. What legal effects will result if X expressly ratifies Y's management and what would be the obligations of X in favorofY? Explainallyouranswers. A: 1. The juridical relation is that of the quasi‐contractof"negotiorumgestio".Y is the "gestor" or "officious” manager" andXisthe"owner"(Art.2144,NCC). 2. Y must render an account of his operationsanddelivertoXthepricehe received for the sale of the harvested fish.(Art.2145,NCC). 3. XmustpaytheloanobtainedbyYfrom W because X must answer for obligations contracted with third persons in the interest of the owner (Art.2150,NCC). 4. Express ratification by X provides the effects of an express agency and X is liabletopaythecommissionshabitually receivedbythegestoras manager(Art. 2149,NCC).(1992BarQuestion) SOLUTIONINDEBITI X received his full retirement benefits including those monetary benefits that were properly disallowed by COA to be granted to public
officers. GSIS sought the restoration of the said disallowedbenefitsbutthecourtruledthatsuch restoration cannot be enforced against X’s retirement benefits as this is expressly prohibited by law under R.A. 8291. Is X obliged to return the benefits improperly received by himundertheprincipleofsolutioindebiti? A: Yes. ItcannotbedeniedthatXwasarecipient of benefits that were properly disallowed by the COA. These COA disallowances would otherwise have been deducted from his salaries. The GSIS can no longer recover these amounts by any administrative means due to the specific exemption of retirement benefits from COA disallowances. X resultantly retained benefits to which he was not legally entitled which, in turn, gaverisetoanobligationonhisparttoreturnthe amounts under the principle of solutio indebiti. (GSIS v. COA, G.R. No. 138381, Nov. 10, 2004; GSIS v. Pineda, et. al., G.R. No. 141625, Nov. 10, 2004). D.OBLIGATIONSEXDELICTO Q: Whatisthebasisforcivilliabilityarisingfrom delictsasaccordingtothepenalcode? A: Art. 100 of the Revised Penal Code provides that:“Everypersoncriminallyliable forafelonyis alsocivillyliable.” Q:Whatisdelict? A:Itisanactoromissionpunishedbylaw. E.OBLIGATIONSEXQUASI–DELICTO Q:Whatisquasi‐delictortort? A: It is an act or omission arising from fault or negligence which causes damage to another, there being no pre‐existing contractual relations betweentheparties. Q:Whataretheelementsofaquasi‐delict? A: 1. Actoromission; 2. Fault or negligence attributable to the personcharged; 3. Damageorinjury; 4. Direct relation of cause and effect between the act arising from fault/negligence and the damage or injury(proximatecause);and 5. No pre‐existing contractual relation betweentheparties.
ACADEMICSC HAIR:LESTERJAY ALANE. F LORESII UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS VICEC HAIRSFORACADEMICS : KAREN J OYG.S ABUGO& JOHNHENRYC. MENDOZA Facultad de Derecho Civil VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONAND FINANCE:J EANELLEC. LEE VICEC HAIRSFOR LAY‐OUT ANDD ESIGN: E ARLLOUIE M. MASACAYAN& T HEENAC.MARTINEZ
177
UST GOLDEN NOTES 2011 Q:Whatisthescopeofcivilliability? A:RRI 1. Restitution; 2. Reparationfordamagecaused;and 3. Indemnityforconsequentialdamages. F.NATURALOBLIGATIONS Q:Whatarenaturalobligations? A: They are real obligations to which the law denies an action, but which the debtor may performvoluntarily. Q:Whataretheinstancesofnaturalobligations? A: 1. Performance after the civil obligation hasprescribed; 2. Reimbursement of a third person for a debtthathasprescribed;...
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