2021-22 FCE 346 Transp Eng I-10022022 PDF

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UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBIDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERINGFCE 346 - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING I (45 HRS).LECTURE NOTESFEBRUARY 2022COMPILED BYGEORGE P. K. MATHERICourse Tutor University of NairobiFCE 346 - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING ISYLLABUSI - Theory / Lecture NotesPrinciples and objec...

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UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING

FCE 346 - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING I (45 HRS).

LECTURE NOTES

FEBRUARY 2022

COMPILED BY GEORGE P. K. MATHERI Course Tutor University of Nairobi

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FCE 346 - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING I SYLLABUS I - Theory / Lecture Notes Principles and objectives of transportation. Modes of transportation. Role of transportation in society, economic, social, political, and environmental. Introduction to Traffic Engineering. Traffic Regulations. Traffic survey procedures and data collection. Traffic volume, speed, and concentration. Vehicles, driver, and pedestrian characteristics. Road safety. Road user psychological traits. Highway capacity and level of service. Introduction to urban and regional planning. II - Practical works Traffic volume and speed surveys.

III - Recommended References: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Traffic Engineering and Transport Planning – L. R. Kadiyali Transportation Engineering & Planning – C. S. Papacostas & P. D. Prevedouros Highway Engineering – Martin Rogers Transport Planning and Traffic Engineering – by C. A. O’Flaherty

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CONTENTS Chapter

Description

1

THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

8

1.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4

Definition and Scope Fixed Facilities Flow Entities and Technology Control System Transportation Demand

8 8 8 8 8

1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4

Transportation System Classification Classification Schemes Major Transportation Subsystems Private and Public Transportation Urban Transportation Systems

9 9 9 9 10

1.3

The Nature of Transportation Engineering

10

1.4

The Systems Approach in Transportation Engineering

11

1.5

Transportation Policymaking

12

1.6

Movement and Transportation

12

1.7

Land Use and Transportation

13

2

3

Page

CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

14

2.1

14

Elements of Transportation Systems

2.2 The Role of Government 2.2.1 Governmental Participation 2.2.2 Instruments of Governmental Involvement

16 16 16

2.3

Tools and Applications

16

2.4

The Role of Transport in Society

17

2.5 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4

Introducing Comprehensive Transport Planning Redefining the Objective The 'Carrot' and the 'Stick' Comprehensive Planning The Transportation Study

17 17 17 18 19

2.6

Traffic Classification

19

2.7 Highway Network System 2.7.1 Hierarchical structure of road systems

20 20

2.8 2.8.1 2.8.2 2.8.3

22 22 24 25

Road Classification Systems Functional Classification Systems Functional Road Classification System in Kenya Load classification systems

TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

27

3

4

5

3.1

Definition

27

3.2

Growth of the Subject of Traffic Engineering

27

3.3

Functions Traffic Engineer

27

TRAFFIC SURVEYS: COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

29

4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4 4.1.5

29 29 30 30 31 31

Vehicle Volume Counts, Classification and Occupancy Need for Vehicle Volume, Classification and Occupation Counts Types of Counts Method Available for Traffic Counts Quantifying Traffic Flow Vehicle Occupancy Surveys

4.2 Origin-Destination Survey 4.2.1 Survey Methods 4.2.2 Analysis of Origin-Destination Data

32 32 32

4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4

33 33 33 34 35

Speed, Journey Time, and Delay Surveys Definitions Use of Speed, Journey Time, and Delay Studies Methods of Measuring Spot Speeds Methods for Measurement of Running Speed and Journey Speed

TRAFFIC REGULATION

36

5.1 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3

Basic Principles of Regulation Need for regulation of traffic Scope of traffic regulations Traffic laws

36 36 36 36

5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5 5.2.6 5.2.7 5.2.8 5.2.9 5.2.10 5.2.11 5.2.12

Regulation of Speed Need for regulation of speed General principles governing application of speed limits Speed limits in urban areas Speed limits in rural areas Problem of Small Villages along Rural Highways Speed limits for different types of vehicles Speed limits at nights Criteria for application of speed limits of 50, 65, 80 and 100 kph Enforcement methods and instruments for detection of violators Speed zoning Speed laws General effect of speed limits

37 37 37 37 38 38 38 39 39 41 41 45 45

5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.3.4

Regulation of Vehicles Vehicle Registration Construction and equipment of vehicles Control of Transport Vehicles Insurance

45 46 46 46 46

5.4 5.4.1 5.4.2 5.4.3 5.4.4 5.4.5

Regulation of Drivers Licensing of the Driver Physical Fitness Age of Drivers Disqualification and endorsement of Licence Offences and Penalties

47 47 47 47 47 47

4

6

5.5 5.5.1 5.5.2 5.5.3 5.5.4 5.5.5

Regulations Concerning Traffic Rules for Pedestrian Traffic Pedal Cycles Motorcycles and Scooters Rules for animal vehicles Rules for animal on streets

48 48 48 48 49 49

5.6 5.6.1 5.6.2 5.6.3 5.6.4 5.6.5 5.6.6

General Rules Concerning Traffic "Keep to the left" rule Overtaking rules Turning rules Priority rules at intersection Hand signals Rules intended to promote pedestrian movement on footways

49 49 50 50 50 50 51

5.7 5.7.1 5.7.2 5.7.3 5.7.4 5.7.5 5.7.6 5.7.7 5.7.8 5.7.9

Parking Regulations Need for parking regulations Types of regulations that are normally imposed. Restrictions on loading and unloading of commercial vehicles. Exclusive parking spaces for taxis Reservation of curb space for bus stops Restrictions on parking near intersections Limitations on curb parking Peak hour parking prohibitions Parking control by fees

51 51 51 51 51 52 52 52 52 52

5.8 5.8.1 5.8.2 5.8.3 5.8.4 5.8.5

Enforcement of Regulations Importance of enforcement and punishment Goals and objectives Machinery for enforcement The police The courts

52 52 52 53 53 53

ROAD SAFETY: ROAD, ROAD USER AND VEHICLE CHARACTERISTICS54 6.1

Introduction

54

6.2

Elements of Road Safety

54

6.3 A Simplified Framework 6.3.1 Human-vehicle-environment Operating System 6.3.2 Driver Personality

55 55 56

6.4 6.4.1 6.4.2 6.4.3 6.4.4

Human Factors Governing Road User Behaviour Human body as a complex system Vision Hearing Perception, intellection, emotion, and volition

58 58 58 58 58

6.5

Pedestrian Characteristics

59

6.6

Vehicle Characteristics

59

6.7 6.7.1 6.7.2 6.7.3 6.7.4

Collection of Accident Data Requirements of accident records Standard definitions Standard accidents reporting forms Collision diagrams

59 59 59 60 61

5

7

6.8

Statistical Methods for Analysis of Accident Data

62

6.9

Road and its Effect on Accidents

62

6.10 6.10.1 6.10.2 6.10.3 6.10.4 6.10.5

The Vehicle Braking system Vehicle lighting system Vehicle body - its features Tyres Vehicle inspection and maintenance

63 63 64 64 64 64

6.11 6.11.1 6.11.2 6.11.3 6.11.4 6.11.5 6.11.6 6.11.7 6.11.8 6.11.9

The Driver Driver: - judgment, skill, and emotional make-up Age of drivers Sex of the drivers Marital status Training of drivers Alcohol and drugs and the driver Fatigue Use of crash helmets Use of safety belts

65 65 65 66 66 66 66 67 67 67

6.12 6.12.1 6.12.2 6.12.3

The Road and environment Skidding Speed in Relation to Safety Weather and its Effect on Accidents

67 67 67 68

6.13 6.13.1 6.13.2 6.13.3 6.13.4 6.13.5 6.13.6

Pedestrian Safety Seriousness of the pedestrian safety problem Trends in pedestrian accident pattern The road and its influence on the pedestrian accidents Pedestrian footways Time and its influence on pedestrian accidents Study of pedestrian behaviour in crossing

68 68 68 69 70 70 70

6.14

Pedal Cyclists

71

6.15

Motorcycle and Scooter Riders

72

6.16

Parking and its Influence on Accidents

72

6.17

Traffic Management Measures and their Influence on Safety

73

6.18 6.18.1 6.18.2 6.18.3 6.18.4

Legislation, Enforcement, Education and Propaganda Legislative measures that are possible Enforcement Education Propaganda

73 73 73 74 74

6.19

Cost of Road Accidents

74

6.20

Example

74

CAPACITY AND LEVEL OF SERVICE

76

7.1 Scope and Definitions 7.1.1 Scope 7.1.2 Some Definitions

76 76 76

6

8

7.2 Relationships between the Variables 7.2.1 Fundamental Diagram of Traffic Flow 7.2.2 Linear Relationship between Speed and Concentration

76 76 78

7.3

81

Level of Service (LoS)

INTRODUCTION TO URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING 8.1 8.1.1 8.1.2 8.1.3 8.1.4 8.1.5

The Transport Planning Process Scope of the Subject Interdependence of the Land Use and Traffic Systems Approach to Transport Planning Stages in Transport Planning Difficulties in the Transport Planning Process

84 84 84 84 84 85 85

LIST OF TABLES Table 2-1 Overview of Major Transportation Systems ............................................................. 15 Table 2-2 Hierarchical classification system for urban roads based on function ....................... 21 Table 2-3 Kenya Rural Roads Classification System................................................................ 24 Table 2-4 Kenya Urban Roads Classification System Network ................................................ 25 Table 2-5 Typical Load Classification System .......................................................................... 26 Table 4-1 Schematic representation of a travel matrix.............................................................. 33 Table 6-1 Speed limits for different types of vehicles under mixed traffic condition .................. 38 Table 6-2 Speed limits generally followed in Kenya for rural highways..................................... 39 Table 6-3 Guidelines for selection of speed limit ...................................................................... 40 Table 6-4 Coefficient of lateral friction recommended by AASTHO .......................................... 41 Table 6-5 Perception-reaction time for different speeds ........................................................... 43 Table 7-1 Highway Safety Factors ........................................................................................... 54

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1 Conceptual Outline of Interdisciplinary Training for Engineering. ............................ 10 Figure 1-2 The System Analysis Process. ................................................................................ 11 Figure 1-3 Transportation System Model: Transportation Processor (NHI, 1980)..................... 12 Figure 1-4 Land Use/Transportation Cycle. .............................................................................. 13 Figure 2-1 Hierarchy of Movement (AASHTO, 2001). .............................................................. 20 Figure 2-2 Schematic Illustration of a Functionally Classified Rural Highway Network. ............ 23 Figure 2-3 Schematic Illustration of a Portion of a Suburban Street Network. .......................... 23 Figure 6-1 Basis of US National Safety Council Method of Speed Zoning. ............................... 42 Figure 6-2 Correct left and right turning manoeuvres. .............................................................. 50 Figure 7-1 Human-Vehicle-Environment Operating System (FHWA, 1980).............................. 55 Figure 7-2 Parts of driver personality ....................................................................................... 57 Figure 7-3 Example of a collision diagram................................................................................ 61 Figure 7-4 Zebra crossing in U.K. ............................................................................................ 69 Figure 8-1 Fundamental diagram of road traffic flow ................................................................ 77 Figure 8-2 Speed-Flow Curve .................................................................................................. 78 Figure 8-3 Speed-concentration relationship. ........................................................................... 78 Figure 8-4 Speed-flow-concentration curves for linear speed-concentration relationship. ........ 80 Figure 8-5 Levels of service. .................................................................................................... 81 Figure 8-6 Illustration of freeway level of service (A to F). ........................................................ 82 Figure 9-1 Systems Approach to Transport Planning ............................................................... 85

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1 THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 1.1 Definition and Scope A transportation system consists of fixed facilities, flow entities, and the control system that permit people and goods to overcome the friction of geographical space efficiently to participate in a timely manner in some desired activity. This definition focuses on the breadth of transportation engineering, identifies the functional components of a transportation system, and encapsulates the fact that transportation provides the connectivity that facilitates other societal interactions. 1.1.1 Fixed Facilities Fixed facilities are the physical components of the system that are fixed in space. They constitute 1. the network of Links (e.g., roadway segments, railway track, pipes) and 2. nodes (e.g., intersections, transit terminals, harbours, and airports) Their design, which falls under civil engineering, includes soil and foundation engineering, structural design, the design of drainage systems, and geometric design, which is concerned with the physical proportioning of the elements of fixed facilities. 1.1.2 Flow Entities and Technology Flow entities are the units that traverse the fixed facilities. They include vehicles, container units, railroad cars, etc. In the case of the highway system, the fixed facilities are expected to accommodate a wide variety of vehicle types ranging from bicycles to large tractortrailer combinations. 1.1.3 Control System The control system consists of vehicular control and flow control. Vehicular controls define the technological way in which individual vehicles are guided on the fixed facilities. Such control can be manual or automated. Proper geometric design of the fixed facilities must incorporate characteristics of the vehicle and vehicular control system. The flow control system consists of the means that permit the efficient and smooth operation of streams of vehicles and the reduction of conflicts between vehicles. This system includes various types of signing, marking, and signal systems and the concomitant rules of operation. 1.1.4 Transportation Demand Transportation demand is derived, or indirect, meaning that people normally travel to accomplish something else, for example, to go to school, to work, to shop, or to visit with friends. Similarly, workers get into the morning and evening rush hours because their work schedules require it. Transportation engineers are concerned with accommodating these societal activities by providing efficient ways to satisfy the population's needs for mobility. The word efficient stands for the balancing a variety of often conflicting requirements, including cost

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considerations, convenience, protection of environmental quality, and protection of individual rights. Transportation engineers often cooperate with other professionals, including economists, planners, and social scientists.

1.2 Transportation System Classification 1.2.1 Classification Schemes Transportation systems can be categorized in several ways. E.g., according to technology, function or type of service, ownership or responsibility for implementation and operation, etc. 1.2.2 Major Transportation Subsystems The transportation system is categorized into four major subsystems based on the medium that supports flow elements - referred to as modes. The term mode is also used to make finer distinctions between means of travel, e.g., driving alone and forming carpools are sometimes considered different modes. The four major subsystems are 1. Land transportation: Highway; Rail 2. Air transportation: Domestic; International 3. Water transportation: Inland; Coastal; Ocean/high seas 4. Pipelines: Oil; Gas; Others Pipelines differ from the other three subsystems in that they are suited only for freight transportation, and they do not employ vehicles. The water transportation subsystem consists of inland, coastal, and ocean transportation. The air transportation system uses aircraft that are supported by stationary or rotary air foils. This subsystem may be conveniently divided into domestic and international services. It is predominantly used for passenger transportation and carries only a miniscule amount of freight, usually confined to specialized items such as mail and valuable commodities. The land transportation subsystem is further subdivided into its highway and railway components because of their fundamental technological differences and their networks are spatially separated. 1.2.3 Private and Public Transportation Transportation services are also classified as either for hire (public) or not-for-hire (private) services. These terms refer to their availability to the public and to private parties, and not to their ownership. E.g., a city bus system may be owned either privately or publicly. In either case, the service provided is public transportation because the system is available for use by the public. For-hire systems are further classified into contract carriers and common carriers. Contract carriers stand ready to provide service to the public under individual contractual arrangements. Common carriers, on the other hand, generally offer scheduled service and are open to all members of the public willing to pay the posted fare.

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The terms mass transportation or mass transit usually refer to the common carriage of passengers. Taxis, car rentals, and certain other individually arranged services belong to the category of contract public transportation. 1.2.4 Urban Transportation Systems The intercity or urban distribution of freight is predominantly accomplished by the highway subsystem using vans and trucks of various sizes. The major movements within urban areas are related to the travel undertaken by people. Water-based urban transportation is found in only a few cities, and air transportation is unsuited for urban travel. Thus, the means of travel available for urban passenger transportation are in the mainland-based and include private transportation (walking and private motor veh...