2021 CHEM Data Book PDF

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CHEMISTRY ATAR COURSE DATA BOOKLET 2021

2021/1618

Chemistry ATAR Course Data Booklet 2021

Table of contents

Periodic table of the elements ....................................................................................................... 3 Formulae ....................................................................................................................................... 4 Units .............................................................................................................................................. 4 Constants ...................................................................................................................................... 4 Solubility rules for ionic solids in water ..........................................................................................4 Colours of selected substances .................................................................................................... 5 α-amino acids ............................................................................................................................ 6–7 Standard reduction potentials at 25 0C ..........................................................................................8

Copyright © School Curriculum and Standards Authority, 2021 This document – apart from any third party copyright material contained in it – may be freely copied, or communicated on an intranet, for non-commercial purposes in educational institutions, provided that it is not changed and that the School Curriculum and Standards Authority is acknowledged as the copyright owner, and that the Authority’s moral rights are not infringed. Copying or communication for any other purpose can be done only within the terms of the Copyright Act 1968 or with prior written permission of the School Curriculum and Standards Authority. Copying or communication of any third party copyright material can be done only within the terms of the Copyright Act 1968 or with permission of the copyright owners. Any content in this document that has been derived from the Australian Curriculum may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY) licence. This document is valid for teaching and examining until 31 December 2021.

Published by the School Curriculum and Standards Authority of Western Australia 303 Sevenoaks Street CANNINGTON WA 6107

2

Periodic table of the elements

[Data source: The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Periodic Table of the Elements (2018)]

Formulae m M = cV V

Number of moles

n

=

Number of moles of solute

n

=

Number of moles of a gas at STP

n

Ideal gas law

PV

= 22.71 = nRT

Parts per million

ppm

=

pH of a solution

pH

mass molar mass

mass of solute (mg)

mass of solution (kg) = – log10 [H+]

Units Volumes are given in the units of litres (L), or millilitres (mL) Temperatures are given in the units of degrees Celsius (°C) or kelvin (K) It may be assumed that 0.0 °C = 273.15 K Energy changes are given in kilojoules (kJ) Pressures are given in kilopascals (kPa) Solution concentrations are given in the units moles per litre (mol L-1), grams per litre (g L-1) or parts per million (ppm)

Constants Universal gas constant, R = 8.314 J K-1 mol-1 Avogadro constant, N = 6.022×1023 mol-1 Volume of 1.00 mol of an ideal gas at 0.0 °C and 100.0 kPa is 22.71 L STP is 0.0 °C and 100.0 kPa Equilibrium constant for water at 25 °C, Kw = 1.00×10-14

Solubility rules for ionic solids in water Soluble in water Exceptions

Soluble Most chlorides

Insoluble AgCℓ

Most bromides

AgBr

Most iodides

AgI, PbI2

Slightly soluble PbCℓ2 PbBr2

All nitrates

No exceptions

All ethanoates Most sulfates

CaSO4, Ag2SO4

SrSO4, BaSO4, PbSO4

Insoluble in water Insoluble Most hydroxides

Exceptions

Soluble

Slightly soluble

NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2 NH4OH*, AgOH**

Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2

Most carbonates

Na2CO3, K2CO3, (NH4)2CO3

Most phosphates

Na3PO4, K3PO4, (NH4)3PO4

Most sulfides

Na2S, K2S, (NH4)2S

* **

NH3 dissolves in water to form both NH3 (aq) and NH4 +(aq)/OH–(aq) Ag+(aq) reacts with OH–(aq) to form insoluble Ag2O Soluble = more than 0.1 mole dissolves per litre Slightly soluble = between 0.01 and 0.1 mole dissolves per litre Insoluble = less than 0.01 mole dissolves per litre

4

Colours of selected substances In general, ionic solids have the same colour as that of any coloured ion they contain. Two colourless ions in general produce a white solid. Selected exceptions to these two basic rules are noted below. Ionic Solid copper(II) carbonate copper(II) chloride copper(II) oxide copper(II) sulfide lead(II) iodide lead(II) sulfide manganese(IV) oxide silver carbonate silver iodide silver oxide silver sulfide

Colour green green black black yellow grey black yellow pale yellow brown black

Other coloured substances Most gases and liquids are colourless, and most metals are silvery or grey. Selected exceptions to these basic rules are noted below. Substance copper(s) gold(s) nitrogen dioxide(g) sulfur(s)

Colour salmon pink yellow brown yellow

Coloured halogens Halogen F2(g) Cℓ2(g) Br2(ℓ) I2(g)

Colour of free element yellow greenish-yellow red purple

Halogen Cℓ2(aq) Br2(aq) I2(aq)

Colour of halogen in aqueous solution pale yellow orange brown

Halogen Br2

Colour of halogen in organic solvent red

I2

purple

Coloured ions in aqueous solution Cation Cr3+ Co2+

Colour deep green pink

Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Ni2+

blue pale green pale brown pale pink green

Anion CrO4 2–

Colour yellow

Cr2O72–

orange

–

purple

MnO4

5

α–amino acids Name

Symbol

alanine

Ala

Structure CH3 H2N

arginine

COOH

Arg

NH

H2N asparagine

CH

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH

COOH

NH

Asn

O CH2 H2N

aspartic acid

Asp

Cys

COOH

CH

COOH

CH2

SH

CH

COOH

Gln

O

H2N glutamic acid

Glu H2N

glycine

Gly

histidine

His

NH2

COOH

CH2

H2N glutamine

C

CH

H2N cysteine

C

CH2

CH2

C

CH

COOH

CH2

CH2

CH

COOH

H2N

CH2

NH2

COOH

COOH N

CH2

N H

H2N isoleucine

CH

COOH

CH3

CH

CH2

H2N

CH

COOH

Ile

6

CH3

NH2

α–amino acids Name

Symbol

leucine

Leu

Structure CH3

CH

CH3

CH2 H2N lysine

Lys

CH2

CH2

CH

COOH

H2N methionine

Met

Pro

serine

Ser

threonine

tryptophan

CH2

S

CH3

COOH CH2

H2N proline

CH2

CH

Phe

COOH CH2

CH2 H2N

phenylalanine

CH

CH

COOH

H N

CH2

Thr

COOH

OH

H2N

CH

COOH

CH3

CH

OH

H2N

CH

COOH

Trp

H N CH2 H2N

tyrosine

Tyr

COOH

CH2 H2N

valine

CH

Val

7

CH

OH COOH

CH3

CH

CH3

H2N

CH

COOH

NH2

Standard Reduction Potentials at 25 °C E°(volts)

Half-reaction F2(g) + 2 e–

2 F–(aq)

+ 2.89

H2O2(aq) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e–

2 H2O(ℓ)

+ 1.76

2–

(aq) + 4 H+(aq) + 2 e–

PbO2(s) + SO4 2 HCℓO(aq) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e– –

MnO4 (aq) + 8 H+(aq) + 5 e– Au3+(aq) + 3 e– HCℓO(aq) + H+(aq) + 2 e– +

–

PbO2(s) + 4 H (aq) + 2 e

–

Cℓ2(g) + 2 e 2– 7

+

–

Cr2O (aq) + 14 H (aq) + 6 e O2(g) + 4 H+(aq) + 4 e– –

Br2(ℓ) + 2 e +

–

3+

–

Ag (aq) + e

Fe (aq) + e +

–

O2(g) + 2 H (aq) + 2 e

–

I2(s) + 2 e

PbSO4(s) + 2 H2O(ℓ) + 1.69 + 1.63 Cℓ2(g) + 2 H2O(ℓ) Mn2+(aq) + 4 H2O(ℓ) + 1.51 Au(s) Cℓ –(aq) + H2O(ℓ) 2+

Pb (aq) + 2 H2O(ℓ) –

2 Cℓ (aq)

+ 1.50 + 1.49 + 1.46 + 1.36

3+

2 Cr (aq) + 7 H2O(ℓ) + 1.36 2 H2O(ℓ) – 2 Br (aq)

+ 1.23

Ag(s) Fe2+(aq)

+ 0.80

H2O2(aq) 2 I–(aq)

+ 0.70

+ 1.08 + 0.77 + 0.54

–

–

4 OH (aq)

+ 0.40

2+

–

Cu(s)

+ 0.34

+

–

H2S(aq)

+ 0.17

+

–

H2(g)

0 exactly

2+

–

Pb(s)

– 0.13

2+

–

Sn(s)

– 0.14

2+

–

Ni(s)

– 0.24

2+

–

Co(s)

O2(g) + 2 H2O(ℓ) + 4 e

Cu (aq) + 2 e

S(s)+ 2 H (aq) + 2 e 2 H (aq) + 2 e Pb (aq) + 2 e

Sn (aq) + 2 e

Ni (aq) + 2 e

Co (aq) + 2 e

– 0.28

–

Pb(s) + SO (aq)

– 0.36

2+

–

Cd(s)

– 0.40

+

–

H2C2O4(aq)

– 0.43

2+

–

Fe(s)

– 0.44

3+

–

Cr(s)

– 0.74

2+

–

Zn(s) H2(g) + 2 OH–(aq)

– 0.76

PbSO4(s) + 2 e

Cd (aq) + 2 e 2 CO2(g) + 2 H (aq) + 2 e

Fe (aq) + 2 e

Cr (aq) + 3 e Zn (aq) + 2 e

–

2 H2O(ℓ) + 2 e

2– 4

– 0.83

2+

–

Mn(s)

– 1.18

3+

–

Aℓ(s)

– 1.68

2+

–

Mg(s)

– 2.36

–

Na(s)

– 2.71

2+

–

Ca(s)

– 2.87

2+

–

Sr(s)

– 2.90

2+

–

Ba(s)

– 2.91

–

K(s)

– 2.94

Mn (aq) + 2 e Aℓ (aq) + 3 e Mg (aq) + 2 e +

Na (aq) + e

Ca (aq) + 2 e

Sr (aq) + 2 e Ba (aq) + 2 e +

K (aq) + e

[Data source: Aylward, G.H., & Findlay, T. (2014). SI Chemical Data (7th ed.). Queensland: John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.]

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