230 exam 1 PDF

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Summary

This is a exam review/study guide for Professor Kosenko's first exam. ...

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● Noise ○ Noise - anything that interferes w/ message ○ Physical noise - external to sender/receiver (loud, construction, crying) ○ Psychological noise - mental interferences (bad day, talk to cute boy, nervous) ○ Physiological noise - bodily interferences (sick, headache, handicapped) ○ Semantic noise - linguistic challenges (language barrier, accent, vocab) ● Quantitative and qualitative research methods ○ Quantitative - numerical, measurable ■ ex: height, age, weight, income ○ Qualitative - categorical ■ ex: color, gender, sexual-orientation ● Ontology - Realists and Idealists ○ Idealists - conception of things as they should be, or as one would wish them to be, with a tendency to be imaginary or visionary ○ Realists - conception of things as they are, regardless of how one wants them to be, with a tendency to be practical and pragmatic. ● Epistemology - Objectivists and Subjectivists ○ Objectivists - A truth exists apart from the knower, and we can study that truth ○ Subjectivists - Reality exists only in our heads ● Critical approach - wants to affect social change (closer to subjectivism) ● Interpretive approach - in the middle ● Empirical approach - there is an external reality, and we should study it with no bias (closer to objectivism) ● Self- the ability to reflect on ourselves from the perspective of others ● Self concept - the relatively stable set of perceptions that people hold of themselves ● Mind - the ability to use symbols that have common social meanings and that are developed through interaction with others ● Thought - allows individuals to engage in role-taking ● Constructs - contrasting features we use to classify other people ○ ex: Cafeteria tribes in Mean Girls ● Cognitive dissonance - the feeling of imbalance or discomfort resulting from inconsistent attitudes, thoughts, and behaviors ● Consonant relationship - beliefs are in equilibrium (harmonious thoughts and behaviors) ○ ex: Health and fitness are important goals, therefore you work out 3-5x a week ● Dissonant relationship - beliefs are in disequilibrium (competing thoughts and behaviors) ○ ex: practicing Catholic who believes in a woman’s right to have an abortion ● Irrelevant relationship - beliefs imply nothing about each other ● Selective exposure - seeking consistent information not only present, helps to reduce dissonance and maintain consistency (predicts that people will avoid information that increases dissonance and seek out information that is consistent with their own attitudes and behavior ● Selective attention - looking at consistent information once it is there (people attend to information that conforms to their attitudes and beliefs while ignoring the information that is inconsistent ● Selective Retention - remembering and learning consistent information more easily than inconsistent information (if a couple was arguing about whether to spend a vacation

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camping on a cruise, the partner wishing to camp would not remember the details of the cruise package and the one desiring the cruise would not remember much about the camping plans) Fundamental Attribution Error - tendency to overemphasize explanations for the behavior of others while under-emphasizing situational explanations Actor-Observer bias- over-emphasize situational experiences for our OWN behavior and under-emphasize dispositional explanations Passive - unobtrusive observation in order to reduce uncertainty (w/o talking to the person) Active - asking other parties about the person in question or manipulation Interactive - direct contact or face-to-face interaction Stigma - “deeply discrediting attribute”, something that makes you stand out ○ 1. Physical defects- abominations of the body ○ 2. Character deficits of individual character ○ 3. Tribal associations- religion, ethnicity, group out of the majority Spoiled Identities ○ Discreditable - invisible identities ○ Discredited - visible identities Primary - personal and exclusive ○ ex: side of a room Secondary - personal connection but not exclusive ○ ex: regular seat in a classroom Public - no personal affiliations ○ ex: bathroom, park bench Proxemics - the study of how humans use space to communicate Territoriality - person’s ownership of an area or object Expectancies (drive human interaction) - cognitions and behaviors that we anticipate in conversations with others, learned Cognitive arousal - individual’s awareness of a violation Physical arousal - behaviors employed by a receiver during an interaction to indicate discomfort or orientation to a violation (moving back from a close-talker) Violation valence - positive or negative assessment of a deviation from expected behaviors When violations are not clear in terms of our ability to evaluate them positively or negatively, we use communicator reward valence to measure the intensity of the violation (If we like the person, we will positively evaluate the violation, but if we dislike the person we will negatively evaluate the violation) Falsification - Deception strategy that creates a fiction Concealment -Deception strategy that hides a secret Equivocation - Deception strategy that dodges the issue Leakage - unconscious nonverbal cues that signal an internal state Linear and transactional model Definition of communication ○ Dupree - communication is the processof understanding and sharing meaning ○ Turner and West - communication is a social process in which individuals employ symbols to establish and interpret meaning in their environment (both view

communication as a dynamic, ongoing, process to establish meaning) ● Theory ○ Burgoon - a set (not an isolated idea: theories provide explanations) of systematic, informed hunches based on research and educated guesses ○ Components: ■ nominal concepts (constructs)- unobservable, love, power ■ Real concept-observable: height ○ Purpose: to explain, understand, predict, affect social change ○ Criteria use to evaluate theory: ■ Scope: breadth of behaviors covered by theory ■ Logical consistency: clear, consistent relationships ■ Parsimony: simplicity of the explanation ■ Utility: usefulness ■ Testability: ability to investigate the theorys accuracy ■ Heurism: amount of research/ new thinking generated ■ Test of time: durability ○ We never prove anything, only theorize ○ POEM: paradigm, ontology, epistemology, method ● The role of meaning in SIT ○ George Herbert Mead - people act based on symbolic meanings in a given situation ○ Theme 1: Meaning ■ Individuals construct meaning ■ The goal of social interaction is to create shared meaning ○ Theme 2: Self-concept ○ Theme 3: Relationship between the individual and society ■ Role taking, self-fulfilling prophecy, looking glass self ● Criticisms of SIT ○ Strengths: test of time, logical, heuristic ○ Criticisms ■ Scope: too broad to fully explain meaning ■ Utility: important concepts are ignored: self-esteem, emotions, testability (concepts too vague cannot test) ● The use of the RCQ in Constructivism Theory ○ The core assumption of constructivism is that people make sense of the world through systems of personal constructs (contrasting features we use to classify people) ○ RCQ ■ Designed to sample personal constructs ■ Used to measure degree of cognitive complexity ■ Used to measure degree of cognitive complexity ● Person-centered messages reflect an awareness of and adaptations to subjective, affective, and relational aspects of the communication contexts (Cognitive complexity is “necessary but not sufficient condition of person-centered messages) ● Interpersonal goals ○ Identity goals - how you want to appear to another

○ Relational goals - what you want out of a relationship ○ Instrumental goals - what we want out of an interaction (tangible things) ■ ex: Can I borrow a pen ● O’Keefe’s design logics ○ Expressive- communication as a means of self-expression (least sophisticated) ○ Conventional - communication as a game governed by rules (simplistic) ○ Rhetorical - communication as a negotiation ● Constructivists’ total reliance on the RCQ is problematic 1. Human beings desire consistency 2. Dissonance is created by psychological inconsistencies (as opposed to logical) 3. Dissonance is an aversive state that drives people to actions with measurable effects 4. Dissonance motivates efforts to achieve consonance and to reduce dissonance ● Magnitude of dissonance ○ Degree of Importance (how significant the issue is) ○ Dissonance Ratio (dissonant cognitions relative to the amount of consonant cognitions) ○ Rationale (justification of the inconsistency) ● Principle of minimum justification: ○ Doing something a person doesn’t believe in for minimal reward creates more dissonance than doing the same thing for a larger award ● Heiders sliding scale of personal causation: association, causality, justifiability, foreseeability, intentionality ● Steps in the attribution process ○ Observation of the action ○ Making a judgement of intention ○ Making an attribution of the disposition ● Goals of initial interactions URT: prediction and explanation ● Assumptions of URT ○ People experience uncertainty in interpersonal settings ○ Uncertainty is an aversive state, generating cognitive stress ○ When strangers meet, they seek to reduce uncertainty and increase predictability ● Entry phase: shallow/small talk ● Personal phase: personal info, nickname/relaxed ● Exit phase: make decisions about whether they wish to engage in future interaction ● If a situation elicits positive emotions, uncertainty will be evaluated positively ● If a situation elicits negative emotions, uncertainty will be evaluated negatively ● Relational uncertainty - a lack of certainty about the future and status of a relationship ○ Self uncertainty - doubts about self ○ Partner uncertainty - doubts about partner ○ Relationship uncertainty - doubts about the relationship as a whole ● 2 competing needs for space: affiliation the need to belong to a group and personal space ● The history of deception research ● Nonverbal deception cues (as identified by Zuckerman) ● Conditions under which liars put more effort into planning and control...