4 Morphology - Lecture notes 4 PDF

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Morphology I.

What is Morphology? A. The study of the form (structure) of words. 1. Morph = form and -ology = study of B. Mental Lexicon 1. Stores all of the information native speakers know about the world. a) Not at all like a dictionary! More like a network. . . (1) Pronunciations (2) Meanings (3) Related words by pronunciation (4) Related words by meaning (5) Sentence use (6) Etc. C. How are words stored in the mental lexicon? 1. What is a word? 2. What parts can it have? 3. How many words do people know? 4. What is the internal structure of words? 5. What parts of speech are there? 6. How can we know? 7. How do words work in different languages? 8. “Is this a word?” D. Morphology 1. Morpheme: The smallest unit of meaning or grammatical function in a language. a) How many morphemes are there in: b) bookstor e

book (1) Bookstore (2) Notebook (3) Drugstore (4) Checkbook (5) Etsy store (6) Store keep

store

c)

Un- is “bound” Happy is “free”

unhappy

un-

happy

(1) Unhappy (2) Unfair (3) Happiness d)

Cat is “free” -s is “”bound ” s

cats cat (1) Cats

e)

dog s

dog (1) Dogs E. Morpheme ≠ Syllable! 1. stewar ? dess ?

s

Dog is “free” -s is “bound”

Steward is “free” ? -ess is “bound” stewar -ess d a) Steward → Stewardess b) Host → Hostess c) Waiter → Waitress d) Actor → Actress e) God → Goddess f) Prince → Princess g) Mister → Mistress h) Heir → Heiress

2.

II.

unbelieva ble

unbelieve Your Implicit Knowledge: Word Classes A. Revisit B. Redo

able

C. Relearn D. *Rehappy E. Types of Morphemes 1. Stem (aka ‘free’) and Affix (aka ‘bound’) a) Stem (1) The core of the word to which other morphemes attach (2) Carries the main meaning (3) Also called root or base (4) Anti- dis- establish -ment -arian -ism b) Affix (1) The morphemes which attach to a stem (a) Four kinds of affix: (i) Prefix (a) Attaches before the beginning of the stem. (i) Un-happy (ii) Re-write (iii) Counter-intuitive (ii) Suffix (a) Attaches at the end of the stem. (i) Believ-able (ii) Happi-ness (iii) Truth-ful (iii) Infix (a) Inserts inside the stem. (b) Bontok (Philippines) use of -um(i) Fikas ‘strong’ → fumikas ‘become strong’ (ii) Bato ‘strong’ → bumato ‘become strong’ (iii) Fusul ‘enemy’ → fumusul ‘become an enemy’ (iv) Circumfix (a) Goes around the stem. (b) Indonesian use of ke- -an (i) Hujan ‘rain’ → kehujanan ‘to get rained on’ (ii) Lapar ‘hungry’ → kelaparan ‘to starve’ (iii) Panas ‘hot’ → kepanasan ‘to

III.

die of heat’ (iv) Siang ‘noon’ → kesiangan ______? (b) anti- dis- establish -ment -arian -sim Your Implicit Knowledge: Order Matters A. *Happyun B. *Sbook C. *Ablebelieve 1. Steps for Doing Morphological Analysis: a) Find two words whose translation differs in only one unit of meaning. (1) Find differences in the form of the two words. (2) Hypothesize that the differences in form cause the meaning difference. (3) Isolate the morphemes and label them. b) Check that every morpheme you’ve found occurs in every word with the same unit of meaning. c) Are all morphemes in each word accounted for? (1) There should be no “extra pieces” leftover. (2) For now, assume that a morpheme will always have the same form every time it occurs D. Example 1. Finnish (Finnic, Uralic) a) Talo ‘house’ b) Talonsa ‘his house’ c) Talossa ‘in the house’ d) Auto ‘car’ e) Autonsa ‘his car’ f) Autossa ‘in the car’ g) Maa ‘country’ h) Maansa ‘his country’ i) Maassa ‘in the country’ (1) Talo = house (2) Auto = car (3) Maa = country (4) -nsa = his (5) -ssa = in the 2. Luiseño (Takic, Uto-Aztecan) a) Noki ‘my house’ b) ʔoki ‘your house’

c) d) e) f) g) h)

IV.

Poki ‘his house’ tʃamki ‘our house’ ʔomki ‘y’all’s house’ + plural Pomki ‘their house’ + plural Nokim ‘my houses’ Pomkim ‘their houses’ + plural (1) Ki = house (2) ʔo = you (3) No- = my (4) Po- = 3rd person pronoun (5) -m = plural (6) Tʃa = our Your Implicit Knowledge: Structure A. Words have an internal structure. 1. Order matters! 2. This can cause ambiguity. B. Internal Structure: Cannot be locked vs. Can be unlocked unlockable

unlockable

un-

unlock

lock

-able

-able

1. So how can we be so good at resolving these ambiguities? C. Types of Morphemes 1. Stem a) The core of the word to which other morphemes attach b) Carries the main meaning c) Also called root or base d) Anti- dis- establish -ment -arian -ism D. Functions of Morphemes 1. Derivation a) Changes the meaning of the word or the part of speech. (1) E.g., un-, -ful, -ism, -ment, etc. (2) But, again, note: *disattach *unconnect b) Establish (verb) + -ment (suffix) = establishment (noun) 2. Inflectional a) Adds grammatical information b) Only slightly changes the meaning of the word c) Highly productive…

(1) Running (2) Jumping (3) Barking d) Eight English Inflectional Morphemes (1) Plural -s: Cows (2) Possessive -s: Mary’s (3) 3rd person singular present -s: ‘He bores us’ (4) Progressive -ing: ‘She is singing’ (5) Past -ed: Walked (6) Past participle -en: Beaten (7) Comparative -er: Taller (8) Superlative -est: Tallest

V.

E. Practice 1. Divide the following words into morphemes. 2. For each morpheme: a) Derivational or inflectional? b) Affix (what kind) or stem? (1) Eraser (a) Erase (b) -er (2) Optionality (3) Deride (4) Activation Your Implicit Knowledge: Lexical Class A. Word Formation Processes 1. Affixation 2. Morpheme internal change a) Man/men b) Foot/feet c) Break/broke d) Sing/sang e) Life/live f) Teeth/teethe g) Fox/vixen 3. Suppletion a) Am/was b) Go/went c) Good/better 4. Reduplication a) Indonesian:

(1) Jalan ‘walk’ (2) Jalan-jalan ‘walk around’ (3) Bunga ‘flower’ (4) Bunga-bunga ‘flowers’ 5. Compounding a) Blackbird, White House, etc. 6. Functional shift (conversion) a) Laugh, run, buy, steal b) Position, process, contrast c) Like: (1) “I like you” (2) “Fight like a brave” (3) “It looks like it will rain” (4) “I was like ‘are you serious?’” 7. Blending a) Smog = smoke + fog b) Modem = modulator + demodulator c) Brunch = breakfast + lunch d) Motel = mini + hotel e) Spork = fork + spoon 8. Shortening (clipping) a) Prof b) Exam c) Dorm d) Ling 9. Acronym a) AIDS b) NASA c) Radar d) Laser e) Scuba 10. Back-formation a) Pea b) Donate c) Televise d) Babysit e) Flammable f) Diplomat g) Tweeze h) Apron

VI.

i) Lepo 11. Invention a) Zap b) Quark c) Snapple 12. Genericization a) Xerox b) Kleenex c) Jello d) Cooke e) Google 13. Borrowing a) Giraffe b) Tortilla c) Taco d) Fjord e) Sushi f) Bungalow g) Whiskey h) Jungle i) Icon j) Schmuck k) Curry l) Michigan m) Zebra n) Avocado o) Lute p) Checkmate q) Boondocks r) Bagel Morphological “Types” of Language A. Degree of Synthesis 1. Number of morphemes per word a) Isolating - One (1) Isolating languages tend to have only one morpheme per word. b) Synthetic - Many (1) Synthetic languages have many morphemes per word. c) Polysynthetic - Multiple stems (1) Polysynthetic languages have multiple stems per word.

B. Degree of Fusion 1. Whether morpheme breaks are easy to find a) Discrete - Agglutinating (easy to separate) b) Inseparable - Fusional (difficult to separate)...