410 Newell\'s Model paper PDF

Preview

Summary

homework assignment ...

Description

Kin 410 9/9/18 Movement Constraints in Snowboarding and para-snowboarding Events Snowboarding made its olympic debut in recent years. In 1998 both men and womens snowboarding was introduced as an olympic sport, with only 2 of the 5 current competitions. (“Snowboard.” 2018). Shortly after in 2014, para-snowboarding also became recognized as part of the paralympics as a national sport. (Busse). While snowboarding and para-snowboarding share many qualities, the two sports differ greatly. Para-snowboarding is designed for people with disabilities such as impaired range of motion, amputations or visual impairments. The international paralympic committee, or IPC, is the governing body that creates rules for competition for all paralympic sports. The IPC places para-snowboarding in the category of “alpine skiing technical committee,” meaning they must abide to all rules and regulations of alpine skiing. (IPC,” 2014). As of right now, the IPC only offers events for standing individuals. They have stated once para-snowboarding has grown in popularity they hope to extend the sport to include further impairment groups. (Busse.) Olympic snowboarding itself has widely grown since its start in 1998. Now, five different competitions within the field of snowboarding are offered. They include; the halfpipe, where competitors are expected to perform tricks and demonstrate their best form. Slopestyle is a mixture of jumps, rail and obstacles down a slope where riders are scored on each jump or obstacle, the top 12 of 24 riders advance. Big air is a single jump where competitors try to complete their most difficult and point-earning maneuver. Next, snowboard cross is a race

between 6 riders through a slope with large banks, jumps and rollers. The top three best times advance to the final round. Finally, parallel giant slalom is a simple two man race with the best time advancing. (“Snowboarding 101,” 2017). Paralympic athletes and olympic athletes compete in most but not all of the same competitions. Through both of these styles of snowboarding, we see constraints in movement that can both discourage and encourage different types of movement. An individual constraint is something having to do with the person themselves, either their physical or mental being. As opposed to structural constraints, which have to deal with physical limitations. For example; for an athlete to reach the olympic level, they must have above average muscle mass and aerobic endurance because their body needs to be able to withstand high impact landings and movement of large force loads during airborne jumps and maneuvers. (Vernillo). In comparison; an athlete participating in the paralympics might have impaired muscle mass or movement, because of this special allocations are made for these athletes. Functional constraints have to deal with the mental or internal being. Things like the competitor’s attitude toward their sport, or themselves effects the way they perform. A particular athletes motivation and incentive are also attributes of functional constraints. This is true for both olympic and paralympic level athletes. Youth athletes in particular might struggle with functional constraints due to their developing sense of selves. Environmental constraints involve properties of our environment, both global and the immediate environment around us. On a global scale one constraint snowboarding and the winter olympics in general, is affected by is global warming. With rising temperatures and severe droughts happening globally, snow seasons are beginning later and ending earlier. This not only affects the actual olympic events, but also the amount of time, seasonally, athletes have to

practice and prepare for the olympics. Due to this constraint, man made snow is becoming more of a trend for both recreational resorts and for use during the olympic events to keep terrain packed and fresh. Another constraint of the environment is the course riders compete on. Each olympic event described above offers different courses for the competitors. For para-snowboarding, modifications are offered to the course in comparison to the course of other able-bodied riders. For example some modifications to the slope involved sharply turns to be more banked, or alternate routes to be provided for athlete with visual impairment. The events of para-snowboarding differ from actual olympic events in that there are fewer of them and they are modified to more easily fit the needs of a disabled athlete. (Busse). Although the olympics offer 5 very different events, only four para-snowboard events are offered. Those being the banked slalom and giant slalom, both single rider events. These events can be compared to the parallel giant slalom of olympic snowboarding which is a race between 2 riders, however in paralympics only one competitor is on the course at a time. The next event is the snowboard cross. In paralympic the event is split into both a head to head race and a time trial race. The outstanding difference between this event and an olympic event is there are multiple riders on the course at a time, competing for first place. In para-snowboarding each competitor takes a separate run and times are compared for final results. (About,”). The halfpipe, slopestyle and big air are not offered in paralympic snowboarding events, but with their rapid development of the sport the IPC hopes to expand para-snowboarding to these events as well. (Busse). Task constraint is another influential component of movement throughout snowboarding. These constraints pertain to the rules and regulations of competition for athletes and how they affect the movement of the sport. One aspect of task constraint between olympic and paralympic

snowboarding is the equipment used. Paralympic athletes use specialized equipment to better fit their needs. This equipment includes orthopedic aids and customizable boards and gear to better suit any disabled riders on the difficult terrain. Task constraints also focus on the rules of competition, and how they regulate and change the movement around them. For example during snowboard cross racing in olympic events, physical contact with other competitors is not allowed. However, if the judges deem some contact was unintentional or harmless they discount the contact. (“Snowboarding 101,” 2017). During para-snowboard events, competitors do not even compete on the slopes at the same time, completely eliminating the chance of physical contact with each other. Another tasks constraint that differs between snowboarding and para-snowboarding is the group which para-snowboarding is placed in. Snowboarding has its own category in the olympics that allows it its own set of rules and regulations. Para-snowboarding falls under the “Alpine skiing” umbrella of Winter sports in the paralympics, meaning all rules and guidelines must follow that of the alpine skiing guidelines. Although snowboarding and para-snowboarding are derived from the same sport, there are several differences to consider. Not only in the type of athletes that perform in these events but also rules, courses and equipment used are vastly different depending on the severity of a the disabled athlete.

Works Cited

About world para snowboard. Retrieved from http://www.paralympic.org/snowboard/rules-and-regulations

Busse, S. (2014.) 2014 Paralympics. Snowboarding’s paralympic debut: An overview of para-snowboarding in Sochi 2014. Palaestra, 28. Retrieved from http://www.web.a.ebscohost.com.sonoma.idm.oclc.org

IPC May Add Para-Snowboard. (2014). PN, 68(7), 51-52.

Snowboard. (2018.) Retrieved from http://www.olympic.org/snowboard

Snowboarding 101: rules, competition formats and judging. (2017, July 7). Retrieved from http://www.nbcolympics.com/new/snowboarding-101-rules-competition-formats-judging

Vernillo, G., Pisoni, C., & Thiebat, G. (2018). Physiological and Physical Profile of Snowboarding: A Preliminary Review. Frontiers in Physiology . Retrieved from http://link.galegroup.com.sonoma.idm.oclc.org/apps/doc/A543704409/HRCA?u=sonomacsu &sid=HRCA&xid=65cd4a8a



 ...