480 Exam 2 Study Guide PDF

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Chapter 07 Vitamins: The Organic Regulators Multiple Choice Questions 1. Pantothenic acid is: A. a vitamin like compound B. a long chain fatty acid obtained in the diet C. a byproduct of intense exercise D. an essential component of coenzyme A (CoA) 2. Which vitamin may block the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue and thus may decrease a source of potential energy during exercise? A. niacin B. thiamin C. folate D. pantothenic acid E. B12 3. Thiamine is a water soluble vitamin and (Slide 71) A. is also known as the anti-hemorrhage vitamin. B. is needed to help convert pyruvate to acetyl CoA. C. serious deficiencies lead to pellagra. D. the need for it is increased when one has a high-protein intake. 4. Excessive amounts of which of the following vitamins is most likely to be fatal? A. Vitamin A **Teratogenic effects of excess vitamin A B. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) C. Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) D. Biotin 5. The water soluble vitamins include: thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folate, biotin, pantothenic acid, choline & vitamin c A. vitamins A, C, and E B. beta carotene, vitamin C and Vitamin E C. vitamin C and the B complex D. vitamins, A, D, E, and K (fat soluble) 6. Which of the following statements regarding vitamin deficiency is NOT true? A. Bioavailability is the amount of a nutrient that the body absorbs B. Biochemical deficiency can be frequently identified by blood or tissue tests

C. Subclinical malnutrition always impairs physical performance D. A clinically manifest vitamin deficiency adversely affects both health and performance 7. Which of the following is true of the vitamin known as niacin? A. Foods with a high-carbohydrate content are a good source of niacin *Foods with high protein content B. It has been shown to be an effective ergogenic aid C. Niacin plays a role in energy metabolism D. Niacin deficiencies are common 8. Vitamin B6 is a collective term for three naturally occurring substances that are all metabolically and functionally related. Vitamin B6 A. deficiencies are more common in male athletes than female athletes. B. is involved in the metabolism of protein, carbohydrates, and fat. C. deficiencies have been associated with an increase in an individual's exercise program. D. supplementation produces an ergogenic effect on metabolic functions during exercise: the capacity to do more work. For questions 9 - 13, match each vitamin with the best description of deficiency symptoms that might occur in an athlete. (Use answers only once.) 9. __ E__ vitamin A A. bruises easily (Slide 24) 10. __ C___ vitamin D B. skin problems; cracks in corners of mouth 11. 12. 13.

___B__ vitamin B-2 (Riboflavin) ___A__ vitamin C

C.

bone stress fractures

D.

nerve problems; anemia

__D___ vitamin B-12 (Slide 94)

E.

vision problems

14. Vitamin C has been the subject of much controversy. Which of the following statements is true for ascorbic acid? (slide 128) A. Its principal role is the synthesis of collagen, but it is also involved in the formation of certain hormones and neurotransmitters B. The male adult RDA for vitamin C is 60 mg/day (90mg/day) C. Vitamin C supplementation increases physical performance capacity in subjects who are not vitamin deficient D. There are no detrimental effects of taking mega doses of vitamin C

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15. Which vitamin is the only one that is assigned hormonal status in its active form? (Slide 28) A. Vitamin E B. Vitamin K C. Thiamin D. Vitamin D (we make on our own w/sunshine) 16. Cobalamin, more commonly called vitamin B12, (Slide 93) A. was one of the first parts of the B complex group to be discovered. B. is found abundantly in plant foods. *only found in animal foods; meat, fish, poultry, milk C. is essential in the synthesis of DNA and in the development of red blood cells. D. when taken as a supplement, will increase metabolic functions, such as endurance performance. No apparent effect on endurance performance 17. The compound CoQ10 (Coenzyme Q10) A. is a vitamin with a chemical structure similar to vitamin D. B. facilitates the aerobic generation of ATP as part of the electron transfer system. C. when taken in doses of 100 mg for four weeks did significantly increase cardiac function and VO2 max. D. appears to be one of the few supplements that are considered to be ergogenic. research studies suggest that CoQ10 is not an effective ergogenic acid 18. The task of acquiring enough vitamin B12 may pose a problem to vegans because: A. fibers in vegetables inhibit its absorption (slide 93) B. vegans lack the intrinsic factor C. B12 is only naturally found in animal products (may be found in fortified products) D. a deficiency may occur from excess intake of soy products E. folate retards its absorption 19. Which of the following is a valid reason for vitamin supplementation? A. Diseases and disorders will increase the RDA for all vitamins B. Antibiotics kill intestinal bacteria and decrease the production of certain vitamins C. Use of drugs, such as oral contraceptives and insulin will increase the need for all vitamins D. The lack of the intrinsic factor for vitamin C 20. One argument against ingesting more vitamins than the amount recommended is: A. there are no valid arguments against taking vitamin mega-doses-you simply excrete the excess in your urine B. too much vitamin D can turn your nose orange

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C. vitamins may build up in tissues and interfere with some vital physiological processes D. that although more vitamins will supply more energy to the cells, the cells will become fatigued 21. Which of the following are fat-soluble vitamins? A. vitamins B, C, D, niacin B. vitamins E, niacin, thiamin, riboflavin C. vitamins A, D, E, K D. vitamins A, B, C, D E. vitamins B1, B2, B6, C 22. An endurance athlete is complaining about losing endurance and feeling tired most of the time. He has been diagnosed with an anemia. His iron status was assessed and found to be normal. A deficient intake of which of the following vitamins could also cause an anemia condition? (Slide 14) A. vitamin D B. vitamin B-12 C. vitamin C D. vitamin K 23. Xerophthalmia is associated with a deficiency of (Slide 24) A. riboflavin that leads to pellagra B. niacin that leads to beriberi C. vitamin A that leads to blindness D. vitamin D that leads to rickets E. vitamin K that leads to excessive bleeding 24. Free radicals are formed in the __________, and when you exercise, the increased use of ________ causes a(n) _____________ in free radicals. A. Kreb's cycle-glucose-decrease B. Kreb's cycle-fatty acids-increase C. electron transport system-oxygen-increase D. electron transport system-glucose-decrease 25. Most of the B vitamins function in human metabolism as A. coenzymes B. hormones C. antioxidants D. a source of Calories E. activators of mineral metabolism 26. Excessive intake of this water-soluble vitamin may impair liver function. 4

A. riboflavin B. ascorbic acid C. cholecalciferol D. retinol E. niacin 27. A curious finding of research on the effects of antioxidants on health is: A. Antioxidant supplements are always more effective than diets high in antioxidants B. Antioxidant supplements always work, but not any better than diets high in antioxidants C. Sometimes antioxidant supplements reduce disease prevalence, and sometimes they increase it D. Neither supplemental nor dietary antioxidants have ever been shown to improve health. This only works in theory, but not in real life. 28. Although supplementation with the antioxidant nutrients has not been shown consistently to increase physical performance, what is the most likely potential benefit for athletes (especially older athletes) taking reasonable amounts of antioxidant supplements such as vitamins C & E? A. increased muscle glycogen levels B. increased respiratory exchange ratio C. decreased exercise-induced muscle damage D. decreased exercise heart rate E. A, B, C, and D are all incorrect For questions 29 - 32, match the various stages of vitamin deficiency described by a Williams with the correct description or example on the right. (Use answers only once.) 29. __C___ Preliminary Stage A. Both exercise performance and health are adversely affected 30. __D__ Biochemical Deficiency B. Unspecific symptoms like physical fatigue 31. __B__ Physiologic Deficiency C. Inadequate amount of a nutrient in the diet 32. __A__ Clinically Manifest Deficiency D. Lower than normal blood levels of a nutrient 1 33. What do superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase have in common? A. they are associated with B vitamin coenzymes in metabolism of carbohydrate B. they are necessary for digestion of protein in the duodenum of the small intestine

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C. they function as natural, endogenous antioxidant enzymes in the tissues D. they are, respectively, synonyms for vitamin D, vitamin K, and vitamin C E. they are phytochemicals found in fruits and vegetables along with essential vitamins 34. Which vitamin has an RDA of 75 to 90 mg/day, is involved in collagen formation, iron absorption, epinephrine production, and has antioxidant properties A. Vitamin U B. Vitamin A C. Vitamin D D. Vitamin C True / False Questions 35. Calcitriol is the hormone of vitamin D. True 36. Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is needed to prevent glossitis and to facilitate the formation of oxidative enzymes known as flavoproteins. True 37. A deficiency of several B vitamins, collectively, would negatively affect physical performance. True 38. Unlike some other vitamins, vitamin C and Vitamin E are both relatively non-toxic and can be consumed safely by most people at 10 times the RDA for extended periods of time. True 39. Vitamin supplementation may be necessary when the energy intake is below 1,200 Calories per day. True 1In general, supplements with individual vitamins as well as multivitamin supplements have not been shown to enhance physical performance in a wide variety of events ranging from strength/power sports to prolonged aerobic endurance events. True

Chapter 08 Minerals: The Inorganic Regulators Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following statements correctly describes minerals? A. Minerals are organic elements found nature B. Minerals may be components of metalloenzymes or exist as electrolytes C. All elements are minerals D. Vanadium and silicon are found in animal tissues, but they are of no importance to human nutrition

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2. Which of the following statements concerning mineral deficiencies or excesses is INCORRECT? A. If the diet intake is sufficient, minerals are readily absorbed from the intestine B. Additional minerals may be needed for the synthesis of new tissues associated with physical training C. The body may absorb more of a mineral from food and excretes less when a deficiency occurs D. Excessive consumption of minerals may cause a number of health problems, even in relatively small doses 3. Which of the following would most likely occur in an athlete who is deficient in chromium? A. Rapid loss of lean body mass and gain in fat mass B. Decreased performance in short duration / high intensity anaerobic exercise C. Increased oxidative stress, resulting in increased maximal oxygen uptake D. D. Impaired glucose utilization during exercise 4. Which of the following statements about calcium's functioning in the human body is correct? A. About 60 percent of one's dietary intake of calcium is absorbed B. Although low serum levels of calcium are rare, when they do occur, it is usually because of dietary deficiencies C. High levels of calcium may contribute to the development of cancer of the colon D. D. One symptom of a low serum level may be muscle cramping 5. Which of the following best describe the physiology of calcium metabolism? A. Typically, about 30% of dietary calcium is absorbed. B. Low calcium intake can be diagnosed by low blood calcium levels. C. When protein is consumed with calcium, calcium absorption is decreased. D. High dietary carbohydrate can cause increased calcium loss in the urine. 6. The National Institute of Health recommends a calcium intake of _____ mg/day for those aged 19-50 years. A. 600 B. 800 C. 1,000 D. 1,200

7. Which of the following statements is not true?

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A. Iron deficiency does not affect athletic performance until it reaches the stage that causes anemia. false B. Mineral needs of athletes can be increased by losses in sweat. true C. A clinically manifest nutrient deficiency would be expected to impair athletic performance. D. Deficient dietary intake of trace minerals for a few days is not likely to affect athletic performance. 8. Magnesium A. is the primary mineral in the skeletal system; thus, a reserve is available for short periods of dietary deficiency. B. is a mineral which when deficient, can cause anemia. C. is so widely available in foods that no purely dietary deficiency has been reported. D. a common deficiency in adults. 9. What is the most common nutrient-deficiency disorder in the United States? A. Vitamin C deficiency B. Vitamin B12 deficiency C. Iron-deficiency anemia D. Calcium deficiency 10. Which of the following statements regarding fluoride is INCORRECT? A. Fluoridation of the public water system has been endorsed by over 90 professional health organizations B. Fluoride inhibits bacterial enzymes and demineralization of the tooth C. Excess fluoride strengthens the outer tooth enamel and reduces dental caries D. Brushing teeth with fluoride toothpaste may be helpful in improving dental health 11. Which food exchange is the best source of zinc, iron and copper in regards to the concept of bioavailability? A. milk B. meat C. starch/bread D. fruit E. vegetable 12. Which nutrients consumed in excess may pose a risk of kidney damage and other soft tissues such as the blood vessels? A. calcium and vitamin D B. fiber and vitamin C C. B12 and copper D. Riboflavin and phosphorus 8

E. Vitamin E and selenium 13. Who has the lesser need for iron as specified by the RDA? A. adolescent boys B. adolescent girls C. young adult females D. adult males E. female distance runners 14. Which vitamin and mineral combination provides the best possible nutritional defense against the development of osteoporosis? A. thiamin and selenium B. A and iron C. C and phosphorus D. D and calcium E. E and sodium 15. Which of the following is true about mineral balance? A. In response to short-term over or under ingestion of a given mineral, humans will adapt by excreting more or absorbing more, respectively, of that mineral. B. Minerals are needed in such small amounts that a mineral imbalance never happens. C. Humans can only regulate mineral balance over a long time period, thus short term imbalances will result in poor exercise performance. D. Mineral balance is a very intricate process and cannot be accomplished by diet alone. 16. Which of the following statements discussing copper's effect on the human body is INCORRECT? A. Copper is involved in oxygen metabolism B. The major deficiency symptom of copper is anemia C. Copper is needed for the absorption of calcium from the intestinal tract D. Copper is a component of superoxide dismutase, an enzyme that functions as an antioxidant to quench free radicals

For the next 5 questions, match the mineral with its function in the human body. 17. __C___ iodine A. component in enzyme that catabolizes free radicals 18. ___E__ magnesium B. major mineral in bone, second only to calcium in quantity

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19. ___D__ vanadium 20. ____A_ copper 21. ___B__ phosphorus

C. used as a component in the formation of thyroid hormone D. being studied for its insulin-like effect on glucose metabolism E. component of over 300 enzymes

22. Which of the following guidelines should be followed when a person decides to take supplemental minerals? A. Do not exceed the RDA or AI levels. B. Avoid taking high doses of only one mineral since it may reduce the absorption of another mineral. C. High doses of a mineral (such as iron taken for medical reasons) should be monitored by a physician. D. All of the above are correct. 23. Who has the greatest need for dietary calcium, and thus the highest AI? A. adults age 19-50 B. children age 1-3 years C. youths age 4-8 years D. youth and adolescents age 9-18 years E. the AI is the same for everyone 24. Which of the following statements concerning trace minerals is FALSE? A. copper and iron are needed for optimal functioning of the red blood cell B. selenium works as an antioxidant with one of the vitamins c C. chromium appears to be essential in the use of blood glucose D. zinc is a part of numerous metalloenzymes E. mercury is essential for carbohydrate metabolism

25. Excessive intake of iron can lead to a condition called hemochromatosis, which is damage to which organ in the body? A. arterial walls B. kidney C. heart D. liver E. lungs

26. In order to increase the absorption of iron, vegetarians should eat iron-rich plant foods with which of the following? A. vitamin C

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B. calcium C. phytic acid D. high fiber supplements E. zinc 27. The female athlete triad refers to: A. a female athlete who has a dietary deficiency in iron, calcium, and zinc B. a female athlete who has a combination of brittle bones, loss of the menstrual cycle, and disordered eating patterns C. a female who has high estrogen, high bone mineral density, and is an elite athlete D. the three bone fracture sites that occur commonly in female athletes: wrist, vertebrae, and hip 28. As discussed in lecture, estrogen protects bone density by: A. Estrogen has no effect on bone density B. Decreasing following menopause C. Reducing bone resorption D. Increasing bone resorption 29. Which of the following blood measures provides an assessment of an athlete’s current iron storage level? A. ferritin B. hemoglobin C. serum iron D. myoglobin E. hematocrit 30. Which of the following best describes an aspect of the physiology of calcium in the body? A. Typically, less than 10% of dietary calcium is absorbed from foods. B. Most of the calcium lost from the body leaves via sweat production. C. Spinach can serve as a source of well-absorbed calcium for the athlete who does not consume milk. D. Salt consumed with high calcium foods decreases calcium loss by the kidneys. E. E. A, B, C, & D are all incorrect 31. When it comes to calcium balance, the priority of the body is: A. To excrete about 2/3rds of daily calcium intake through sweat B. To absorb 100% of the calcium the diet provides C. To maintain bone calcium levels, even at the expense of blood levels D. To maintain blood calcium levels, even at the expense of bone

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True / False Questions (wont be using very many T/F on this section) 32. The seven macrominerals are so classified because the RDA of each is greater than 100 mg per day or the body contains more than 5 grams of each. TRUE 33. Contemporary treatment for osteoporosis usually involves three components: hormone replacement or drug therapy, calcium supplements, and exercise. TRUE 34. The trace minerals fluoride and iodine are used to prevent dental cavities and in the formation of triiodothyronine, respectively. TRUE 35. Deficiency states of phosphorus are rare, but have been known to occur in individuals with certain diseases and in those who have used antacid compounds for long periods of time. TRUE 36. One symptom of magnesium deficiency is muscle cramping, which may occur because the low levels of magnesium are not able to block the stimulating effect of calcium on muscle contraction. TRUE 37. Unlike zinc which serves as a cofactor for many enzymes, iron only functions as a component of heme in hemoglobin and myoglobin for oxygen transport and delivery to cells. FALSE 38. The bioavailability of iron is so low that to replace the 1.5 mg of iron that is lost from the body daily, 15 mg would need to be consumed. TRUE 39. Zinc is a component of enzymes that are involved in the major pathways of energy metabolism, protein synthesis, the growth process, and wound healing. TRUE 40. Low serum ferritin levels do n...