4U BIO - biochemistry Flashcards Quizlet PDF

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4U BIO - biochemistry Terms in this set (80) bonding capacity of carbon

4

bonding capacity of hydrogen

1

bonding capacity of oxygen

2

bonding capacity of nitrogen

3

Families of Organic Molecules

nucleic acids

Lipids

Carbohydrates

Proteins

nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbs,

DNA, RNA, ATP (NADH)

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

the starches and sugars present in foods, short term energy storage

enzymes, transporters, hormones, structures

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one ionic bond

atom to another. - deltaEN of +1.7

A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between covalent bond

atoms in a molecule - 0-0.4 non polar covalent - 0.5 - 1.7 polar covalent

hydrogen carbon bonds are always...

non polar

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Oxygen forms bent bonds

Only CA$3.75/month

always

forces within molecules. Forces caused by the attraction and intramolecular forces

repulsion of charged particles. (strong forces, require a lot of energy to break)

intermolecular forces

dipole-dipole forces

London dispersion forces

forces of attraction between molecules (weaker forces, require less energy to break)

attractions between oppositely charged regions of polar molecules

The intermolecular attractions resulting from the constant motion of electrons and the creation of instantaneous dipoles

- strong intermolecular force - a strong intramolecular dipole which is formed between atoms hydrogen bonding

that are bonded with hydrogen and oxygen, nitrogen (or Fl) this results in very strong poles of positivity or negativity on different sides of these atoms which makes for opposites forces attractions

Alkane

CH3CH3

Alkene

CH2CH2

Alkyne

CHCH

alcohol

CH3CH2OH

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ether

Carbonyl

CH3OCH3

CH3CH2CHO or CH4COCH3

Ester

CH3COOCH3

Amine

CH3CH2NH2

Amide

CH3CONHCH3

Phosphate

Thiol

Carboxylic acid

CH3CH2PO4 (-2)

CH3SH

CH3CH2COOH

the basic carbon chain or ring upon which the remainder of the carbon backbone

organic molecule is built (C-H)

- have a carbonyl on a terminal carbon aldose sugars

- terminal carbonyls are called aldehydes (aldoses that are hexoses can be called aldohexoses)

- do not have a terminal aldehyde / carbonyl sugar ketose sugars

- contain ketones that are anywhere BUT terminal (ketoses that are trioses can be called a ketotriose)

Isomers

glucose and galactose

Galactose

D and L isomers

Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula

are isomers (with the formula c6h12o6)

is virtually useless to the body without galactose isomerase (enzyme which turns galactose to glucose)

structural and equation isomers but with mirror images

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-all monosaccharides will spontaneously convert to form rings (from their original linear structure) -usually form rings in living things and in water ring formation in glucose

- there is a rearrangement of atoms around C1 and C5 -*** ring form is a structural isomer of linear forms

-when glucose forms a ring, the OH group can either go of 1/2 a and b glucose

ways (facing up or down) -(a goes down) - both are found in really high abundances in nature

-dehydration syntheses Formation of polysaccharides

-all monosaccharides can form disaccharides and then polysaccharides - things can bond into either (1-4) or (1-6)

hydrolysis reactions

monomer units of a triglyceride

the process of making triglycerides

saturated fats

unsaturated fats

Cis Fats (unsaturated)

trans fats

structure of saturated fats

structure of unsaturated fats

catabolic reactions that break down substrates into small molecules; requires the input of water to break bonds

glycerol & carboxylic acids (fatty acids

esterification (dehydration reaction)

fats that are solid at room temperature, coated completely in hydrogens

liquid at room temperature, has double bonded carbons, not fully saturated in hydrogens,

the carbon stays at the top of the molecule, this chain goes on a downwards slant

the carbons flip sides on the molecule, keeping it in a straight line, unsaturated,

-LDF forces holding straight hydrocarbon chains together -form during hydrolysis reactions

Have 3 fatty acids but at least one is kinky,

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hydrophilic (polar) head (two glycerols and a phosphate group) structure of phospholipids

and two hydrophobic (nonpolar) tails (fatty acids)

-compact hydrophobic molecules Structure of cholesterol

-for hydrocarbon rings + several different functional groups -very thin and flat -generally bend down in a chain

- high density energy storage - many van Der Waals (LDF) (structure function, opposites function of saturated fats

attractions, tight rows) -form protective layers, maintain structure. - found in animal bodies

- increased fluidity in veins and cell membranes (due to liquid at room temp) -lower cholesterol (due to veins) function of unsaturated fats

-more mobile - high density energy storage -lubricates plant leaves - moisture in plants (plants can easily secrete it) - found in plant oils, nut oils, human arteries, joints

- make up cell membrane - form micelles in water to protect cells function of phospholipids

- active and passive transport - hydrophilic outside and hydrophobic inside -found in cell membranes

- steroid hormones (can convert into many different compounds) -provide strength to the cell membrane function of cholesterol

-can move very quickly and easily due to flat and skinny size -insoluble in water - found in cell membranes

- Long, unbranched chain of alpha-glucose; has a coiled structure, Structure of amylose

making it compact and good for storage - alpha (1-4) glycosidic bonds - hydrophobic protective bonds holds the structure

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- Long, branched chain (branches are coiled) of alphabetastructure of amylopectin (a glucose polymer)

glucose (1-4) (1-6), side branches allow the enzymes that break the molecule down to access the bonds easily, meaning glucose can be released quickly - packs less tightly due to branches

- quick energy use - stored energy in chloroplasts Function of amylose (starch)

- the coils are insoluble in water and therefore can be stored until further needed - found in chloroplasts, plastids

- energy storage - combined w/ amylose to make starches Function of amylopectin

- main energy molecule in plants - more water soluble than amylose -quick mobilization -found in chloroplasts, plastids, amyloplastids

- highly branched structure (the branches coil) (1,4-glycosidic bond) with side branches (1,6-glycosidic bond) Structure of glycogen

- animals can make energy storage units from this -fast mobilization due to the branches -quick energy depletion - stored in small amounts in muscle and liver cells

- β-glucose arranged in a straight chain (each alternative βglucose is rotated 180 degrees) = cellulose straight chain - many cellulose chains are cross linked by hydrogen bonds to structure of cellulose

form microfibrils - many microfibrils are cross linked to form marcrofibrils - forms structure of cell wall - strong material (prevents plant cell from bursting or shrinking)

- provides structure to plant cell walls function of cellulose

- most abundant organic substance on the planet - due to the B isomers structure, this allows for h-bonding to hold the microfibrils together

Proteins are made up of

(20) amino acids arranged by polypeptide bonds

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- amine group -carboxylic acid functional groups in amino acids

-central structure (including R group) - N-C-C backbone

Amino Acid R Groups

amide linkage

This influences the way a polypeptides folds into a functional protein.

attraction between the carboxylic acid and the amine group causes a dehydration reaction (ribosome facilitates the reaction)

-the order of amino acids (N-C-C) 1st protein structure

- coding for this structure is written by DNA and read by ribosome during protein assembly - genetic mutations in DNA causes incorrect primary structures

- small coils and folds due to H bonding between NCC backbone chains 2nd protein structure

- occurs mainly between c=o of one chain and NH of another - two most common types of coils and folds are the a helix and the b sheet

3rd protein structure

-distant r group interactions (large scale folding) - these interactions result from the characteristics of many r groups

- multiple subunit aggregation (not all proteins can do this) 4th protein structure

-haemoglobin as an example - multiple subunits come together and work as a larger unit

all 4 levels of protein structure can ONLY

the DNA coding in the first one is correct

work if...

Nucleic Acids Elements

all nucleic acids contain sugar

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus (CHONP)

all nucleic acids will have 1 out of 2 types of pentose sugars (deoxyribose and ribose) (one is for DNA and one is for RNA)

The chemicals that make up the rungs of the DNA ladder. A-T and Nitrogen bases

C-G match. - adenine, guanine (the purines)

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phosphodiester bond (the phosphate

a chemical bond of the kind joining successive sugar molecules in

component of a nucleic acid)

a polynucleotide.

nucleotides

DNA directionality

DNA base pairing

DNA is antiparallel

good luck on the test

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- small repeating units which contain one sugar, one nitrogenous base, and one phosphate linking them together

5' to 3' (5 prime is at the top, going downwards to the 3 prime end)

A-T (forms two hydrogen bonds) G-C (forms three hydrogen bonds)

- strands run in opposite direction - antiparallel is optimal for base pairing alignment

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