Biochemistry handout - bio PDF

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Biochemistry andCellular FunctionsT. Blakelock High SchoolGrade 12 University Preparation BiologyStudent:______________________ Date:___________________Teacher:______________________ Room:__________________Period:_________Part A: BASIC CHEMISTRY REVIEWRecall, atoms are composed of protons, electrons...

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Biochemistry and Cellular Functions T.A. Blakelock High School Grade 12 University Preparation Biology

Student:______________________ Date:___________________ Teacher:______________________ Room:__________________ Period:_________ ~0~

Part A: BASIC CHEMISTRY REVIEW Recall, atoms are composed of protons, electrons and neutrons. Electrons carry a negative charge and move around the nucleus. The nucleus is made up of positively charged protons and neutral neutrons (which have no electrical charge) *You may have to use your smart phone to fill in this chart*

Particle Proton

Charge

Symbol

Mass

Location

Neutron Electron The mass number is equal to the number of neutrons plus the number of protons: since atoms are electrically neutral the number of protons equals the number of electrons Example: A = Mass Number E = Element’s Symbol Z = Atomic Number (Number or Protons)

Element

Na C F S U Ag

Number of Neutrons Number of Electrons Number of Protons Mass Number

11 6 16 146 60

9 16

23 12 19

92 47

Lewis Diagrams A Lewis Diagram Lewis diagrams show the symbol of the element and the number of electrons in the outer shell of an atom. Atoms have up to two electrons in the first orbit (shell), 8 in the second, 18 in the third.

Now, try Phosphorus (P) and Oxygen (O)

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Checking Your Chemistry Knowledge I)

Select the answer that best completes each statement. 1. Potassium is an element that has one electron in its outermost energy level. Potassium will tend (a) not to bond (b) to form ionic bonds (c)to form covalent bonds (d) to form double bonds 2. The chemical symbol for gold is (a) G (b)Go (c)Au (d) Ag 3. The reaction time for chemical reaction that is taking place in a beaker of solvent liquid will probably decrease if (a)the liquid is agitated (b)the liquid is cooled (c)more liquid is added (d)all of the above 4. Which of the following is a molecule (a)H20 (b)Chlorine (c)OH- (d)both b and c 5. A polar molecule is (a) is a solute in water (b)will repel another polar molecule (c) will attract a nonpolar molecule (d)is insoluble in water 6. Ions are (a) neutral particles (b) the smallest particles of an element (c)electrically charged atoms (d)the smallest units of a compound 7. A substance made of two or more chemically bonded elements is (a) a compound (b) a molecule (c) a solution (d) an ion

II)

Complete the following statements by writing the missing word or phrase in the line provided. 1. ___________________ are the smallest particles of an element that have the properties of the element. 2. Electrically negative atomic particles are called____________________. 3. There are ______________ oxygen, ____________ hydrogen and _________ carbon atoms in CH3CHOHCOOH 4. The medium in which a solute is dissolved is called the _________________. 5. The three states of matter are ___________________, ______________________, and ________________ 6. When two atoms share two pairs of electrons, a _____________ ________________ is formed.

III)

Complete the chart of the characteristics of various atoms and molecules

Name

Atomic Lewis Information Diagram

Number of electrons to complete the outer shell

Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon

Draw a Lewis Diagram of the structure of (a) table salt, and (b) water.

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Colour of ball in Molecular Kit

How many bonds can the atom form?

TYPES OF BONDS IONIC BONDS Ionic bonds form between metal and non-metal atoms, where one atom gives electron(s) and the other takes one/them, respectively.

How many electrons does a sodium ion have?____________________ What is the charge on a sodium ion?___________________________ How many electrons does a chlorine ion have?___________________ What is the charge on a chlorine ion?___________________________ Why is the chlorine ion attracted to the sodium ion?__________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________

COVALENT BONDS Covalent bonds form between two non-metal atoms, where electrons are shared and travel between the two nuclei.

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How many atoms of hydrogen are in one water molecule? How many oxygen?____________________ How many electrons are shared in a water molecule?___________________________ What type of bond is this?___________________ What type of molecule is water?___________________________ Why do electrrons in this bond spend more time with oxygen atoms than hydrogen atoms? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________

HYDROGEN BONDS Hydrogen bonding occurs between polar molecules containing hydrogen. The slightly negatove atom in one molecule (usually O or N) exerts a pull on a hydroogen atom in an adjacent molecule, creating a hydogen bond. The hydrogen bond is easily broken but acts to hold molecules together.

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CHEMICAL REACTIONS •

A chemical reaction involves the rearrangement of chemical bonds with the release or absorption of energy

The process of Respiration uses the oxygen we breathe and glucose (a carbohydrate in our diet), to produce energy plus waste products of carbon dioxide and and water. The chemical reaction is as follows:

What are the Reactants?_________________________________________ What are the Products?__________________________________________ The process of Photosynthesis uses light energy, water and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen. The chemical reaction is as follows:

How do the the chemical equations for respiration and photosynthesis compare? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ How many molecules of glucose would be produced from 24 molecules of carbon dioxide? ___________________________ Based on the chemical equations what have you learned about the relationship between autotrophs and heterotrophs? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Below is the equation for the combustion of Gasoline(Octane) and other chemicals. Balance the equations.

What will happen with these reactions if there isn’t enough oxygen?

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MACROMOLECULES Organic Size Structure

Inorganic

Complex-often involves ___________

Simple-groups of _____________ atoms only

Or long _____________

Examples What are functional groups? Groups of atoms that work as a _______ and are often involved in _____________ between molecules Functional Group Hydroxyl

Structural Formula

Example

Carboxyl Amino

Part B: CARBOHYDRATES Functions: 1) ________________ source (e.g. glucose) 2) ___________________ (e.g. cellulose) 3) Cell to cell identification and __________________________ Sources in your diet: _____________________ , _____________________ , __________________ Monomer [building block] of Carbohydrates: Draw a molecule of Glucose.

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DETAILED

SCHEMATIC

Draw two glucose (schematic) beside each other and then bond them together.

Dissacharides: Two monosaccharides joined by ____________________________ An _________________ bond formed (water removed from 2 _____________ groups) Examples of Dissacharides Glucose + Glucose --> _______________________ + _________________________ Glucose + Fructose --> ________________________ + _________________________ Glucose + Glactose --> ________________________ + _________________________ Reactions  _____________________________ removes a water molecule, forming a new bond  _____________________________ adds a water molecule, breaking a bond Polysaccharides Molecule Starch

Structure

Sources

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Glycogen

Cellulose

Part C: LIPIDS Functions: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

______________________ energy storage (triglycerides) Make cell ___________________ (phospholipids) Make ___________________ (steroids) Make ______________________ coatings on plants and animals (wax) Cushioning, protection, vitamin_______________

Sources in your diet: ___________________ , ____________________ , _____________________ Draw a Glycerol Molecule:

Draw a Fatty Acid Molecule:

Monomer [building block] of Lipids: Draw this structure

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What functional groups join glycerol and a fatty acid together? _____________ & ______________ What bond is formed between the glycerol and the fatty acid? An ___________________ bond How many water molecules when making a monoglyceride? ________________ Ever Heard the terms “trans fats” or Unsatturated Fatty Acids before? Now you’ll know what they’re talking about!

Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids Molecule Saturated Fatty Acid

Structure

Description

Unsaturated Trans-Fatty Acid

Unsaturated Cis-Fatty Acid

Triglyceride

Phospholipid

Steroid

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From a health point of view ___________________ fatty acids are associated with heart and health problems. Also, ___________________ unsaturated fatty acids are also a problem for the heart. What are essential fatty acids? An fatty acids that___________________ can not make from ______________ fatty acids are called essential fatty acids. Why are essential fatty acids so important in the human diet? Without these fatty acids, people may have ____________________ an in extreme cases, ________________________________.

Part D: PROTEIN Functions: 1) 2) 3) Sources: _____________, ___________, ________________ , __________________ What is the monomer [building block] of protein? ________________________ Draw this structure:

There are ________ amino acids. These amino acids all differ by their _____________. An R group is a _______________________ and it affects____________________. ~ 10 ~

Draw two amino acids side by side, and then attach them to make a “dipeptide”

What two functional groups form the bond between two amino acids? ______________________ and __________________________. What type of bond forms between the two amino acids? A ________________ bond. Dipeptide:____________ amino acids joined together. Polypeptide:_________________________ amino acidsjoined together. Complete the following table for the four levels of protein structure Level Primary Secondary Tertiary

Quaternary

Description of Structure The ____________ of amino acids The ____ dimensional____________ into alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets ______________ dimensional bends and kinks in secondary structure due to the interactions between________________ ______________________ polypeptide chains join together to make a ___________ structure

______________________ occurs by breaking the _______________ (H, ionic, disulphide bridges) that give the polypeptide its ___________________structure. What causes denaturation? _______________________________, _________________, or ____________________ concentration can change the 3-D shape of a protein and render it __________________ .

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There are ________ amino acids, _______ of these cannot be made from the remaining __________ . These ______ must be in our diet so they are called ________________ amino acids. A _________________ protein is one that contains _______________ of the essentail amino acids. A _________________ protein is one that contains _______________ of the essential amino acids. Examples:

Part E: NUCLEIC ACIDS Functions 1) DNA:__________________________________________________ 2) RNA:__________________________________________________ 3) ATP: __________________________________________________ Sources:____________________________ Explain:_______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Monomer [building block] :___________________________ A Nucleotide is composed of:___________________, ___________________, and ____________________________________ . In chart form, list the similarities and differences between DNA and RNA Criteria Shape Bases

DNA

RNA

Sugar Name Used in the body for...

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ATP Consists of _________________________________ , _________________________ , and a _____________________________________________________ . Function: ______________________________________________________________

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ATP

ADP

I) The process of making ATP involves the following equation:

Since water is produced, what kind of reaction is it?____________________________ II) The process of releasing energy form ATP in volves the following equation:

Since water is consumed, what type of reaction is this? _________________________

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ATP and ADP act like a rechargeable battery in the body, constantly picking up and releasing energy to allow cellular functions to occur.

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