8 fallacies - Grade: a PDF

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Dicto Simpliciter: Dicto Simpliciter is a fallacy in which a general rule or observation is treated as universally true regardless of the circumstances or the individuals concerned.It is an argument based on an unqualified generalization.

Example:  

Exercise is Good.Therefore everybody should exercise. The STORK with one leg.

Hasty Generalisation: It is sometimes the over-generalization fallacy.It is basically making a claim based on evidence that it just too small.Essentially,you can’t make a claim and say that something is true if you have only an example or two as evidence.

Example:  

When one makes a Hasty Generalisation ,he applies a belief to a larger populationthan he should based on the information that he has. Sometimes teenagers in our community recently vandalized the park downtown.Teenagers are so irresponsible and destructive.

Post Hoc Fallacy: The fallacy is generally referred to by the shorter phrase,”post hoc”.It means “after this,therefore because of this”.

Example:  

Our soccer team was losing until I bought new shoes. Every time that rooster crows,the sun comes up.That rooster must be very powerful and important!

Contradictory Premises: Contradictory premises involve an argument (generally considered a logical fallacy) that draws a conclusion from inconsistent or incompatible premises. Essentially, a proposition is contradictory when it asserts and denies the same thing.

Examples: 

My sister is jealous of me because I'm an only child.



Nobody goes to that restaurant because it’s too crowded.

Ad Misericordiam: Ad misericordiam is an argument based on a strong appeal to the emotions. Also known as argumentum ad misericordiam or appeal to pity or misery. When an appeal to sympathy or pity is highly exaggerated or irrelevant to the issue at hand, ad misericordiam is regarded as a logical fallacy.

Examples: 

You should not find the defendant guilty of murder, since it would break his poor mother's heart to see him sent to jail

False Analogy: A type of informal fallacy or a persuasive technique in which the fact that two things are alike in one respect leads to the invalid conclusion that they must be alike in some other respect.

Examples:  

People who cannot go without their coffee every morning are no better than alcoholics. The private school down the street has better teachers and children get a better education because 100% of their seniors get into a college. (Reality: The private school only has to accept some students, not all.)

Hypothesis Contrary to Fact: Offering a poorly supported claim about what might have happened in the past or future, if (the hypothetical part) circumstances or conditions were different. The fallacy also entails treating future hypothetical situations as if they are fact.

Examples:  

John, if you would have taken a shower more often, you would still be dating Tina. If you took that course on CD player repair right out of high school, you would be doing well and gainfully employed right now.

Poisoning the Well: Poisoning the well (or attempting to poison the well) is a type of informal fallacy where adverse information about a target is preemptively presented to an audience, with the intention of discrediting or ridiculing something that the target person is about to say.

Examples: 

In a political campaign, candidate 2 presents negative information about candidate 1 (true or false) so that anything that candidate says will be discounted....