A. Period 4 1800 - 1848 Amsco Note Taking Guide (Ch. 7) PDF

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Period 4: 1800 - 1848 Chapter 7: The Age of Jefferson, 1800 - 1816 [131 - 143] Due Date: 10/18

TJeffs Presidency -

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First term: - Maintained national bank and debt-repayment plan of A.Ham - Carried on neutrality policies of Wash and Adams - Loyal to D-Rs principle of limited central gov - Reduced size of military, eliminated number of fed jobs, repealed excise taxes (like Whiskey), and lowered national debt - Named only Repubs into his cabinet to avoid internal divisions - Louisiana Purchase most important achievement The Louisiana Purchase - Included port of New Orleans - 1800: French military and political leader Napoleon bonaparte secretly forced Spain to give Louisiana territory back to France - Hoped to restore French empire in Am - 1803: Napoleon lost interest in plan 1. He needed to concentrate French resources on fighting England 2. A rebellion led by toussaint l’Ouverture against French rule on the island of Santo Domingo had resulted in heavy French losses - U.S. Interest in the Mississippi River - Western frontier extended beyond Ohio and Kentucky into the Indiana Territory - Economic Part: - Settlers depended on transporting goods on rivers flowing w into the Mississippi and S as far as New Orleans - 1802: Spanish officials closed the North Orleans port to Ams - Revoked right of deposit from Pinckney's treaty (1795) - Settlers wanted government action over issue - TJeffs also concerned ab consequences on foreign policy - Feared that US risked entanglement in Euro affairs as long as foreign power controlled the river at New Orleans - Negotiations - Ministers sent to France to offer $10 million for New Orleans and strip of land from port eastward to FL - If negotiations didn’t work instructed to discuss w/ Brit for a US-Brit alliance - France needed money for war - Offered to sell New Orleans and entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million - Ministers accepted readily - Constitutional Predicament - Reluctantly used implied powers to provide constitutionality for purchasing foreign land - Submitted purchase to Senate and argued that lands could be added to US as part of the president’s power to make treaties→ ratified by Repub majority in senate - Consequences (good consequences) - Doubled size of US, removed Euro presence from nation’s borders, and extended western frontier beyond the Mississippi - Also strengthen TJeffs hopes that the country’s future would be based on an agrarian

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society of independent farmers (opposite of A.Ham of an urban and industrial society - Increased TJeffs popularity and showed the Federalists to be a weak, sectionalist (New England-based) party that only could complain ab D-R policies - Lewis and Clark Expedition - TJeffs persuaded congress to fund scientific exploration of the trans-MI west to be led by captain Meriwether Lewis and Lieutenant William Clark (before LA purchase) - LP greatly increased importance of exploration - 1804: Lewis and Clark set out from St. Louis→ crossed rockies, reached Oregon coast on the Pacific, and turned back and completed journey by 1806 - Benefits: greater geographic and scientific knowledge of the region, stronger US claims to the Oregon territory, better relations with American Indians, and more accurate maps and land routes for fur trappers and future settlers John Marshall and the Supreme Court - Feds only had control of federal courts - Feds appointments to the courts remained in office (b/c couldn’t be removed w/out impeachment) - John Marshall (federalist) - Cousin of TJeffs from Virginia - Appointed during final months of Adams’ presidency - 34 years as judge; exerted as strong an influence on the Supreme Court as Wash did w/ presidency - landmark cases strengthened the central gov as expense of states’ rights - Case of Marbury v. Madison (1803) - TJeffs wanted to block Federalist judges appointed and ordered Secr. of State James Madison not to deliver commissions to Federalists judges - Marbury sued for his commission - Marshall ruled that Marbury had a right to his commission according to the Judiciary Act passed by Congress in 1789 - Marshall also said that Judiciary Act had given the Court greater power than the Constitution allowed - Therefore law was unconstitutional and Marbury would not receive his commission - Marshall sacrificed the small Federalist gain (appointment of Marbury) for longer-term judicial victory - By ruling a law of Congress to be unconstitutional Marshall established the doctrine of judicial review - Now Supreme Court would exercise power to decide whether an act of Congress of the president was allowed by the Constitution - Could now overrule actions of other two branches of federal gov - Judicial Impeachments - TJeffs tried other methods for overturning past federalist appointments - Suspended Alien and Sedition Acts and released those jailed under them - TJeffs supported a campaign of impeachment hoping to remove partisan Federalist judges - Judge of one federal district found to be mentally unbalanced - House impeached justice Samuel Chase, but Senate acquitted him after finding no evidence of “high crimes” - Impeachment campaign largely a failure other than these cases (almost all Federalist judges remained in office)

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Threat of impeachment caused judges to be more cautious and less partisan in decisions

TJeffs Reelection - 1804: TJeffs won by overwhelming margin (162/176 votes) - Second term marked growing difficulties - Plots by former vice pres Aaron Burr, opposition by faction of D-Rs (the Quids) who accused him of abandoning D-R principles, and foreign troubles from Napoleonic wars in Europe Aaron Burr - 1804: D-R caucus decided not to nominate Burr for 2nd term as vice pres - Burr series of ventures as threat break up the Union and one resulting in A.Ham’s death - Federalist Conspiracy - Planned to win governorship of NY in 1804 by forming a political pact with some New England radical Federalists - Unite state w/ other NE states and lead group of states to succeed the nation - Most Federalists followed A.Ham in opposing Burr, who was defeated in NY election (conspiracy disintegrated) - Duel w/ A.Ham - Burr angry w/ A.Ham and challenged him to duel - Fatally shot A.Ham in 1804 - Death deprived Federalists of last great leader and earned Burr enmity of many - Trial for Treason - 1806: Burr had plan to take Mexico from Spain and possibly unite it with Louisiana under his rule - TJeffs ordered Burr’s arrest and trial for treason over conspiracy - Chief Justice John Marshall presided over trial, but was long-time adversary of TJeffs - Jury acquitted Burr, on Marshall’s narrow definition of treason and the lack of witnesses to any “overt act” by Burr Difficulties Abroad - TJeffs tried to avoid war, and sought to maintain neutrality despite problems of Napoleonic war (from France and Brit) - Barbary Pirates - First challenge to foreign policy from piracy on the Barbary states on N African coast - Wash and Adams had agreed to pay tribute to Barbay gov - Ruler of Tripoli demanded higher sum in tribute from TJeffs - TJeffs sent a small fleet of US Navy to Mediterranean - Sporadic fighting w/ Tripoli (1801-1805) - Didn’t have decisive victory but gained some respect and offered measure of protection to US vessels trading in Med. waters - Challenges to U.S. Neutrality - Napoleonic wars dominated politics of Europe and shaped commercial economy of US - France and Brit attempted naval blockades of enemy ports and regulartly seized ships of neutral nations and took cargoes - Chief offender from US pov was Brit b/c its navy domination of Atlantic - Mad ab Brits practice of capturing US sailors, claiming they were Brits citizens, and impressing them into Brits navy - Chesapeake-Leopard Affair - 1807: Brits warship Leopard fired on US warship Chesapeake off coast of VA - 3 Americans killed and 4 taken captive and impressed into Brits navy

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- Anti-Brits feeling heightened and many Americans demanded war - TJeffs resorted to diplomacy and economic pressure as response to crisis Embargo Act (1807) - Alternative to war (passed by D-R congressional majority) - Prohibited American merchant ships from sailing to any foreign port - B/c US Brit’s biggest trading partner, TJeffs hoped that Brits would stop violating rights of neutral nations rather than lose US trade - Embargo backfired and brought greater economic hardship to US than Brit - Brits had littled difficulty substittin gsupplies from South America for US goods - Devastating effect of US economy especially formercahnt marine and New England shipbuilders - Depression so bad that movement developed for New England to secede union - TJeffs called for repeal in 1809 - US could trade with any other nation except Brit and France

Madison’s Presidency -

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TJeffs supported Madison for D-R’s nomination The Election of 1808 - Madison brilliant thinker, and developed D-R party; but was weak public speaker, stubborn temperament, lacked political skills - Nominated for pres by caucus of congressional D-Rs - Other factions of D-Rs nominated two other candidates→ Madison still won - Federalist managed to gain Congress seats b/c of unhappiness with embargo Commercial Warfare - b/c of same Euro problems eventually took US to war - Nonintercourse Act of 1809 - Madison hoped to end economic hardship while maintaining neutral nation status - Act provided that Americans could now trade with all nations but Brit and France - Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810) - Nathaniel Macon introduced bill to restore US trade w/ Brit and France - b/c of continuing of economic hardships into 1810 - Bill provided that if Brit or France formally agreed to respect neutral rights at sea, than US would prohibit trade with other nation - Napoleon’s Deception - Napoleon announced intention of revoking decrees that violated US neutral rights - Madison took word and embargoed trade w/ Brit in 1811 - But Napoleon had no intention of keeping promise, and continued to seize US ships

The War of 1812 -

Causes of the War - B/c of continued violation of US neutral rights at sea and troubles w/ Brits on W front - Free Seas and Trade - Remembered that Brit seemed enemy during Revolution and French had supported colonists - TJeffs also liked that French had overthrown their monarchy in own revolution - Believed that Brits violations of neutrality were worse b/c Brits navy’s practice of impressing US sailors - Frontier Pressures - Settlers also wanted to settle in Brits Canada and Spanish Florida lands - Brits, Indians, and Spanish in way - Long conflict w/ Indians on western front

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Battle of Tippecanoe (1811): General Harrison destroyed Shawnee headquarters and put an end to Tecumseh’s efforts to form an Indian confederacy Frontier Americans blamed Brits for instigating rebellion b/c they provided limited aid to Tecumseh

War Hawks - Congressional election 1810 led new D-Rs to congress from frontier states (KT, TN, OH) - Knows as War Hawks b/c eager for war w/ Brit - Quickly gained influence in House of Reps - Led by Henry Clay of KT and John C. Calhoun of SC - Argued that war w/ Brit only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy American Indian frontier resistance - Declaration of War - Brits delays in meeting US demands for neutral rights + political pressures from War Hawks → Madison seeking declaration of war against Brit - Ironically...Brits gov (June 1812) agreed to suspend naval blockade - News reached White House after declaration A Divided Nation - Congress nor citizens united in support of war - PA and Vermont joined S and W states to provide slight majority for war declaration - Against war: reps from NY, NJ and rest of New England states - Election of 1812 - Madison won reelection - b/c split of opinion of D-R in S and W over Federalist and anti war D-R in N - Opposition to the War - Viewed by opposed Americans as “Mr.Madison’s War” - Opposition by New England merchants, Federalist politicians, and Quids - Merchants b/c: after repeal of Embargo Act were making big profits from Euro war and viewed impressment as minor inconvenience - Commercial interests and religious ties to Protestantism made them more sympathetic to Protestant Brits than Catholic French - Federalist politicians b/c: thought it was D-R scheme to conquer Canada and Florida, and increasing D-R voting strength - Quids b/c: violated classic D-R commitment to limited federal power and peace Military Defeats and Naval Victories - US hoped for victory on Napoleon’s continued success in Europe and US land campaign against Canada - Invasion of Canada - 1812: army launched 3-part invasion of canada (from Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain) - Easily repulsed by Brits defenders - 1813: American raid and burning of gov buildings in York (Toronto) only encouraged retaliation by Brits - Naval Battles - US had some naval victories b/c of superior shipbuilding and valorous deeds on American sailors (including freed African Americans) - 1812: warship Constitution (aka “Old Ironsides”) defeated Brits ship off Nova Scotia - Privateers captured numerous Brits merchant ships by motivation of patriotism and profit - Offset gains by Brits naval blockade of US coast crippling trading and fishing

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1813: most important naval battle on Lake Erie w/ US Captain Oliver Hazard Perry declaring victory - Led way fro General William Henry Harrison’s victory at Battle of Thames River (by Detroit) where Tecumseh was killed - 1814: Thomas Macdonough commanded ships and defeated Brits fleet on Lake Champlain - Brits had to retreat and abandon plan to invade NY and New England - Chesapeake Campaign - 1814: defeat of Napoleon in Europe enabled Brits to increase forces in North America - Brits army marched through Washington DC, and set fire to White House, Capiton, and other gov buildings - Brits attempted to take Baltimore, but Fort McHenry held out after night’s bombardment - Star-Spangled Banner words - Southern Campaign - US S troops commanded by General Andrew Jackson - March 1814: Battle of Horseshoe Bend - Jackson ended power of Creek nation (important Brits ally) - Victory eliminated Indians and opened new lands to white settlers - Brits control of MI river halted at NEw Orleans by Jackson leading force of frontier soldiers, free African A., and Creoles - Battle of New Orleans fought on Jan 8, 1815, anter treaty ending war had been signed in Ghent, Belgium (meaningless victory) Treaty of Ghent - 1814: Brits tired of war, and wanted to maintain peace in Europe - Madison also knew that US unlikely to win decisive victory - Peace discussions held in Ghent, Belgium - Dec 24, 1814: agreement w/ terms halted fighting, returned all conquered territory to prewar claimant, and recognized prewar boundary between Canada and US - Treaty ratified by Senate in 1815, but said nothing ab grievances that led to war - Stalemate b/c Brit made no concessions concerning impressment, blockades, etc. The Hartford Convention - Just before end of war, New England threatened to secede from union - Opposed to war and D-R gov - Urged Constitution to be amended or vote for succession - Convention at Hartford, CT in Dec 1814 - New England delegates rejected radical calls to secession, but adopted measures to limit D-R power in house - ⅔ vote in both houses for declaration of war - News of Jackson’s victory at New Orleans and Treaty of Ghent ended criticism of war and wicked Federalists by stamping them as unpatriotic The War’s Legacy - From Madison’s pov war achieved none of original aims - Number of important consequences for further development of US republic 1. US gained respect of other nations by surviving 2 wars w/ Brit 2. US accepted Canada as part of Brits Empire 3. Federalist party ended as national force, b/c of its denounced talk of secession 4. Talk of nullification and secession in New England set precedent later used by South 5. American Indians forced to surrender land to white settlement b/c abandoned by Brits 6. US factories built and Americans moved toward industrial self-sufficiency b/c of Brits

naval blockade blocking trade 7. War heroes (like Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison) soon be in forefront of new generation of political leaders 8. US nationalism strengthened, and belief that US should stay in West away from Europe strengthened also Historical Perspective: What caused political parties?

Chapter 7 ... Based on the tone of the excerpt, which if the following statements below best expresses germans position on declaring war in June of 1812? A. Opposed going to war because he thought people dod not believe the country was prepared for one Who of the following would be most likely to agree with germans position on the war? D. Merchants from new England Which of the following is the best support for Germans claim that the united states has abundant cause for war? A. Impressment of U.S. Sailors According to TJeffs address, which of the following should be relied on to protect equal rights

for all people? C. Laws Which person would most strongly disagree with TJeffs statement "We are all republicans, we are all Federalists?" B. A.Ham TJeffs call to avoid entangling alliances is similar to the advice of D. George Wash Tecumseh believed that which of the following would be the best way for the American Indians to respond to the desire of white settlers for land? D. Forming a confederacy among all American Indians Tecumseh objected to the treaty selling Indian land because he thought D. No individual or single tribe had the right to sell the land Chapter 8 ... Which phrase by Burleigh best addresses the motives of the largest number of immigrants coming to the US during the years from 1816 to 1848? B. Good pay for labor In the 1830s and 1840s, the section of the US most affected by immigration was the C. States west of the Allegheny Mountains Which of the following reinforced the message that Burleigh was sending to people who wanted to move to America? A. American system Which of the following provided the strongest influence on President Monroe in the writing of the Monroe Doctrine? D. John Quincy Adams Monroe counted on which of the following Euro nations to be an ally if any nation challenged the Monroe Doctrine? A. Brit Which best explains why the American people were so supportive of the Monroe Doctrine? A. Nationalism Based on the voting patterns shown in the chart, support for federal funding for internal improvements was strongest in B. Undeveloped regions Support for the bill would have been consistent with support for which of the following? A. American system Chapter 9 ... one of the primary reasons to form a union during this period was to A. Improve working conditions Workers in the 1820s faced difficulty because of problems with A. Transportation As described in this excerpt, which if the following would be a benefit to business owners from having a union? B. Individuals would develop better skills Which of the following caused the movement described in the excerpt?

B. Immigration The opposition of foreigners is most similar to the view that many had toward which of the following in America at this time? A. Free african americans The development of which of the following best demonstrates the growing power of the nativist movement in the mid 19th century? D. Political party The crop that best fits Downing's description as one of the great staples in the mid 19th century america was D. Cotton Commercial farming expanded rapidly in the Northwest by mid-century primarily because of B. Transportation improvements Chapter 10 ... Which of the following was the immediate cause of the publication of the statement in this excerpt? D. Increase in the tariff passed by Congress As described in the excerpt which individual or body makes the final decision on whether a law is valid in a state? C. States Which of the following is or are most similar to the statement in the excerpt? A. Kentucky and Virginia resolutions Based on the excerpt which of the following groups was President jackson trying to help? A. Common i...