A Seminar report on Solar Power System PDF

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Warning: TT: undefined function: 32 Warning: TT: undefined function: 32 A Seminar reporton SOLAR POWER SYSTEM DESIGN A REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENTS OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Bachelor of Engineering IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERINGGUIDIED BY SUBMITTED BYProf. Avdhesh Shar...

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A Seminar report on SOLAR POWER SYSTEM DESIGN A REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENTS OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

Bachelor of Engineering IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

GUIDIED BY

SUBMITTED BY

Prof. Avdhesh Sharma

Rajesh Adwani Roll No.- 16EEL34042

Department of Electrical Engineering M.B.M. Engineering College J.N.V. University, Jodhpur 2018-19 P a g e 1 | 41

DECLARATION This is to declare that the seminar report Entitled “Solar power system design" is submitted for the partial fulfilment of the requirements of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical Engineering from Electrical Engineering department, M.B.M. Engineering College, Jai Narayan Vyas University, Jodhpur and is a record of the seminar work i carried out by me under supervision of Dr. Avdhesh Sharma. To the best of my knowledge, this seminar report has not been submitted earlier for the award of any degree/diploma by me or any other student.

Countersigned

GUIDED BY:

(Dr. Jayashri Vajpai)

(Dr. Avdhesh Sharma)

Professor and Head of Department

Professor

SUBMITTED BY

(RAJESH ADWANI)

Date:

Department of Electrical Engineering M.B.M. Engineering College J.N.V. University, Jodhpur 2018-19 P a g e 2 | 41

MBM ENGINEERING COLLEGE JODHPUR-342001, RAJASTHAN, INDIA DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the seminar report entitled “SOLAR POWER SYSTEM DESIGN” submitted by RAJESH ADWANI with Roll No: 16EEL34042 is a record of Bonafede work carried out by him in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of “BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING”.

Prof.(Dr.) Avdhesh Sharma (Faculty Supervisor)

Dr. JAYASHRI VAJPAI (Head Of Department)

Date: 09/04/2019 Place: MBM, JODHPUR P a g e 3 | 41

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my deepest gratitude to my guide Prof.(Dr.) Avdhesh Sharma for initiating me in to this very interesting topic and providing me with the guidance and know-how necessary for completing this seminar. I would like to take this opportunity to thank our HOD, Prof. JAYASHRI VAJPAI Electrical Engineering Department for providing all the facilities required for our studies. I also wish to express my gratitude to the entire lab technician, for providing all possible help for my seminar work. I wish to express my gratitude to all the faculty members of our department for their continuous support and encouragement. Finally, I would like to thank all my friends for their continuous love and support.

DATE:

RAJESH ADWANI

PLACE:

(B.E FINAL YEAR)

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Abstract Solar energy has experienced phenomenal growth in recent years due to both technological improvements resulting in cost reductions and government policies supportive of renewable energy development and utilization. This study analyses the technical, economic and policy aspects of solar energy development and deployment. While the cost of solar energy has declined rapidly in the recent past, it still remains much higher than the cost of conventional energy technologies. In this chapters we covered the basic concepts of solar power system design, reviewed various system configurations, and outlined all major system equipment and materials required to implement a solar power design. In this chapters the reader will become acquainted with a number of solar power installations that have been implemented throughout the report. This seminar discusses practical steps that may be taken in the design and installation of efficient off-grid solar power system for homes, as a way of reducing, if not ending, the lingering National Energy Crises. This seminar also discussing about the design algorithm of 5MW grid connected solar power generation scheme.

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TABLE OF CONTENT DECLERATION CERTIFICATE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF FIGURES

page no no.. 2 3 4 5 6 7

CHAPTERS CHAPTER: -1

INTRODUCTION

8

1.1 GENERAL CONTEXT 1.2 OBJECTIVES 1.3 THE POWER OF SUN CHAPTER: -2

LITERATURE SURVEY

10

CHAPTER: -3

SOLAR POWER SYSTEM

12

3.1 SOLAR ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM 3.2 SOLAR RESOURCES 3.3 BENEFITS OF GRID CONNECTED POWER SYSTEM 3.4 LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN SOLAR POWER GENERATION CHAPTER: -4

SOLAR POWER SYSTEM DESIGN

22

4.1 DESIGN COFIGURATIONS 4.2 DESIGN ALGORITHM CHAPTER: -5

EXAMPLE:

25

5.1 5MW GRID CONNECTED 5.2 1KW STAND ALONE CHAPTER: -6

CONCLUSION

40

REFERENCE

41

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LIST OF FIGURES

PAGE NO.

Fig.3.1

Basic solar energy conversion system

12

Fig.3.2

Concentrated solar power

13

Fig.3.3

Solar photovoltaic technology

14

Fig.3.4

Areas of the world with high insolation

15

Fig.3.5

Insolation vs time curve

16

Fig.4.1

Spv power generating units

23

Fig.5.1

5MW spv power generation scheme

29

Fig.5.2

Line diagram of 5MW grid connected system

30

Fig.5.3

Solar array in series/parallel connection

34

Fig.5.4

Solar array in series/parallel connection

35

Fig.5.5

Pv installation/angle of tilt

37

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CHAPTER: -1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 GENERAL CONTEXT Essential steps required for solar power systems engineering design include site evaluation, feasibility study, site shading photovoltaic

mapping

or

configuration

analysis,

analysis,

dc-to-ac

power

conversion calculations, PV module and inverter system selection, and total solar power array electric power calculations. In previous chapters we reviewed the physics, manufacturing technologies, and design considerations applied to photovoltaic solar power cogeneration Perhaps the most important task of a solar power engineer is to conduct preliminary engineering and financial feasibility studies, which are necessary for establishing an actual project design. The essence of the feasibility study is to evaluate and estimate the power generation and cost of installation for the life span of the project. building block of the photovoltaic technology. Solar cells are made of semiconductor materials, such as silicon. One of the properties of semiconductors that makes them most useful is that their conductivity may easily be modified by introducing impurities into their crystal lattice. Photovoltaics’ offer consumers the ability to generate electricity in a clean, quiet and reliable way. Photovoltaic systems are comprised of photovoltaic cells, devices that convert light energy directly into electricity. It is anticipated that photovoltaic systems will experience an enormous increase in the decades to come. However, a successful integration of solar energy technologies into the existing energy structure depends also on a detailed knowledge of the solar resource. But to note it is essential to state the amount of literature on solar energy, the solar energy system and PV grid connected system is enormous. Grid interconnection of photovoltaic (PV) P a g e 8 | 41

power generation system has the advantage of more effective utilization of generated power.

1.2 OBJECTIVES 1. To understand how solar power system work. 2. Know about the solar power generation technology. 3. Know about the design steps for designing a solar power system. 4. Establishment of a solar power system that can supply 1kw power. 5. Design of a 5MW SPV Power Generation scheme

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CHAPTER: -2 LITERATURE SURVEY: M. Egidio, and E. Lorenzo [3]: This report examines the literature associated with the design and optimization of photovoltaic (PV) solar energy in an attempt to identify the different ways in which PV cells was used in small domesticated establishment. Preliminary as it may be, this study stands to be a source of an invaluable promotion on renewable energy-solar resources in particular. In addition, this thesis presents study on sizing and cost estimation methodology for stand-alone photovoltaic (SAPV) power system to provide the required electricity. In essence, highlighted are the technical and economic feasibility of a SAPV system for electricity generation. E.H. Camm, Member, IEEE S. E. Williams [6]: The development of newer technologies in concentrating solar power (CSP) plants, particularly plants using dish Stirling systems, as well as changes in the design of photovoltaic (PV) inverters is creating new challenges in the design of lowand medium-voltage collector systems for large solar power plants. Furthermore, interconnect requirements for reactive power, voltage, and ramp rate control and the characteristics of solar power require unique solutions for optimal plant design. To ensure large solar plants can be connected successfully to the grid without impacting grid stability or reliability, the design process must include the development of suitable models of these plants for transient and dynamic simulation. Simulation tools and models can then be used to determine special requirements to deal with issues such as daily plant energization, low voltage ride-through, temporary overvoltage and feeder grounding, etc. The presentation will P a g e 10 | 41

focus on the key technical issues and design optimization of large solar power plants. Bharath Kumar M 1and Dr. H V Bragada [2]: The favourable climate conditions of the place called Belagavi of Mandaya district in the state of Karnataka and the recent legislation for utilization of renewable energy sources provide a substantial incentive for installation of photovoltaic power plants. In this paper, the grid connected solar photovoltaic power plant established by Karnataka Power Corporation Limited, is presented, and its performance is evaluated. The photovoltaic power plant has a solar radiation of 5.26 kWh/sq.mt/day spread over 25 Acres of land. The plant has been in operation since 2012. The power plant is suitably monitored during 7 Months, and the performance ratio and the various power losses (temperature, soiling, internal, network, power electronics, grid availability and interconnection) are calculated. Obtain E.B and Momoh F.P[1]: The goal of the off-grid PV system design is to optimize the most suitable design in order to collect all the available solar energy to satisfy the need for the energy demand at an economically feasible price. The purpose of this thesis paper is to provide a rural remote commercial-purposed shelter with energy demand throughout the whole year by designing a solar PV off-grid system on a tilted rooftop. Also, a comprehensive overview was conducted throughout the paper for Solar PV systems, parts, and components, the principle of operation. The design criteria of the off-grid solar PV system were divided into several detailed stages where each stage was conducted upon enumerated values thoroughly.

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CHAPTER: -3 SOLAR POWER SYSTEM: 3.1 The Solar Energy Conversion System: There are many different types of solar energy systems that will convert the solar resource into a useful form of energy. A block diagram showing three of the most basic system types is shown as Figure 3.1. In the first diagram, the solar resource is captured and converted into heat which is then supplied to a demand for thermal energy (thermal load) such as house heating, hot water heating or heat for industrial processes. This type of system may or may not include thermal storage, and usually include an auxiliary source of energy so that the demand may be met during long periods with no sunshine.

Figure-3.1 Diagram of a basic solar energy conversion systems. The AUX. box represents some auxiliary source of thermal or electrical energy. If the demand (load) to be met is electricity (an electrical load) rather than heat, there are two common methods of converting solar energy into electricity. One method is by collecting solar energy as heat and P a g e 12 | 41

converting it into electricity using a typical power plant or engine; the other method is by using photovoltaic cells to convert solar energy directly into electricity. Both methods are shown schematically in Figure 3.1. In general, if solar energy conversion systems are connected to a large electrical transmission grid, no storage or auxiliary energy supply is needed. If the solar energy conversion system is to be the only source of electricity, storage and auxiliary energy supply are usually both incorporated. If the thermal route is chosen, storage of heat rather than electricity may be used to extend the operating time of the system. Auxiliary energy may either be supplied either as heat before the power conversion system, or as electricity after it. If the photovoltaic route is chosen, extra electricity may be stored, usually in storage batteries, thereby extending the operating time of the system. For auxiliary power, an external electricity source is the only choice for photovoltaic systems. Solar Energy can be trapped using two techniques: • Solar Thermal / Concentrated Solar Power

• Figure-3.2 concentrated solar power[3]

• • • P a g e 13 | 41

• Solar Photo Voltaic Technology

Figure-3.3 solar photo voltaic[3]

3.2 The Solar Resource The basic resource for all solar energy systems is the sun. Knowledge of the quantity and quality of solar energy available at a specific location is of prime importance for the design of any solar energy system. Although the solar radiation (insolation) is relatively constant outside the earth's atmosphere, local climate influences can cause wide variations in available insolation on the earth’s surface from site to site. In addition, the relative motion of the sun with respect to the earth will allow surfaces with different orientations to intercept different amounts of solar energy. Figure 3.4 shows regions of high insolation where solar energy conversion systems will produce the maximum amount of energy from a specific collector field size. However, solar energy is available over the entire globe, and only the size of the collector field needs to be increased to provide the same amount of heat or electricity as in the shaded areas. It is the primary task of the solar energy system designer to determine the amount, quality and timing of the solar energy available at the site selected for installing a solar energy conversion system.

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Figure 3.4 Areas of the world with high insolation[2]

Just outside the earth's atmosphere, the sun's energy is continuously available at the rate of 1,367 Watts on every square meter facing the sun. Due to the earth's rotation, asymmetric orbit about the sun, and the contents of its atmosphere, a large fraction of this energy does not reach the ground. we discuss the effects of the atmospheric processes that modify the incoming solar energy, how it is measured, and techniques used by designers to predict the amount of solar energy available at a particular location, both instantaneously and over a long term. As an example of the importance of the material discussed in shows the variation of insolation over a full, clear day in March at Daggett, California, a meteorological measurement site close to the Kramer Junction solar power plant described previously. The outer curve, representing the greatest rate of incident energy, shows the energy coming directly from the sun (beam normal insolation) and falling on a square meter of surface area which is pointed toward the sun. The peak rate of incident solar energy occurs around 12:00 noon and is 1,030 Watts per square meter. Over the full day, 10.6 kilowatt-hours of energy has fallen on every square meter of surface area as represented by the area under this curve.

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Figure 3.5 Insolation data from Doggett, California on a clear March day. The middle curve represents the rate of solar energy falling on a horizontal surface at the same location. For reasons to be discussed later this curve includes both the energy coming directly from the sun's disc, and also that scattered by the molecules and particles in the atmosphere (total horizontal insolation). This scattered energy is shown as the bottom curve (diffuse insolation). Over the entire day, 6.7 kilowatt-hours of solar energy fall on every square meter of horizontal surface, of which 0.7 kilowatthours comes from all directions other than directly from the sun. Techniques for estimating the temporal solar resource at any site on the face of the earth are presented in Chapter 2. In addition, the development and use of computerized meteorological data files is described. These data files based on long-term actual observations, form the timedependent database of the computerized performance computations contained within this book and, indeed, much of the solar literature. An example of a complete set of beam normal insolation data for a given location is shown in Figure 3.5. Here we see hourly insolation data, summarized over a day, for each month of a year. With this type of data for a specific site, it is possible to predict accurately the output of a solar P a g e 16 | 41

energy conversion system, whether it is a low temperature thermal system, a high temperature thermal system or a photovoltaic system.

3.3

Benefits of Solar Power Plants:

Grid

-connected

1. Power from sun is clean, silent, limitless and free. 2. Photovoltaic process releases no CO2, SO2 or NO2 gases and thus do not contribute to Global warming. 3. It has introduced the concept of Distributed Generation thus improving the overall grid reliability. 4. Solar powered Grid Connected Plants can act as tail-end energizers, which in turn reduces the transmission and distribution losses. 5. Provides a potential revenue source in a diverse energy portfolio.

3.4 The Latest in Solar Technology Solar technologies have evolved a lot since they first made their debut in the 1960s. While previously solar photovoltaics (PV) were seen as a thing of the future, today, technological breakthroughs have positioned the industry for huge growth. A series of new developments in solar PV technology also promise to contribute to the industry's success.

Advances in Solar Cell Technology Researchers have longed looked for ways to improve the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of solar cells - the life blood of solar PV systems. A solar PV array is comprised of hundreds, sometimes thousands of solar cells, that individually convert radiant sun light into electrical currents. The average solar cell is approximately 15% efficient, which means nearly P a g e 17 | 41

85% of the sunlight that hits them does not get converted into electricity. As such, scientists have constantly been experimenting with new technologies to boost this light capture and conversion.

Light-Sensitive Nanoparticles. Recently, a group of scientists at the University of Toronto unveiled a new type of light-sensitive nanoparticle called colloidal quantum dots, that many believe will offer a less expensive and more flexible material for solar cells. Specifically, the new materials use n-type and p-type semiconductors - but ones that can actually function outdoors. This is a unique discovery since...