Abnormal-Psychology - Lecture notes 1 PDF

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Warning: TT: undefined function: 32 PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: The scientific study of mental disorders. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY: Applied branch of psychology that seeks to understand, assess, and treat psychological conditions in a clinical setting ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY: the branch of psychology that studies unusu...

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ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY • PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: The scientific study of mental disorders. • CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY : Applied branch of psychology that seeks to understand, assess, and treat psychological conditions in a clinical setting • ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY: the branch of psychology that studies unusual patterns of behavior, emotion and thought which may or may not indicate an underlying condition. • HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY: field of psychology involving the effects of mental processes to physical health and how it can be changed to improve a person’s chance of physical recovery • DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: study of changes in abnormal behavior that occur over time CRITERIA FOR NORMALITY NORMAL BEHAVIOR • One’s behavior is similar to the behavior of other people in the society • Ex: Two men kissing is normal in other countries. ARBITRARY DECISIONS • Problem in average normality • Certain group of individuals define what is socially acceptable and conforming • Sometimes, those which are statistically significant may not be significant in actual situations. (Ex: Depression Scales: 49 as normal and 50 as depressed) • Ex: Board Exam Rates: Passing and Failing (74. 8 and 75) NORMALITY IS SOCIAL CONFORMITY • Some behaviors are non-conforming, yet normal • Problem of Criminality: violations of social norms (Ex: Hair Color Policy) • Problem of Social Standards NORMALITY IS PERSONAL COMFORT • Ex: Sadness is okay because one needs to be • Ex: Paraphilia is normal because it is not Paraphilic Disorder; Sado-masochism • What may be pleasing to one may not be pleasing to other (Ex: Mania) NORMALITY IS A PROCESS • One may be normal today but not tomorrow and vice-versa. • Everyone goes under adjustment and coping • It is a spectrum with ends of normality and abnormality 4 D’S DYSFUNCTION • If this is present, the behavior is already abnormal • to a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning • It interferes with daily functioning. It so upsets, distracts, or confuses people that they cannot care for themselves properly, participate in ordinary social interactions, or work productively.

• Ex: Worrying leads you to locking yourself up in your room; Behaviors that prevent you to sleep and to eat DISTRESS • Clinical Disorders: distress to the individual (Ex: OCD: Taking 5 to 7 showers everyday) • Personality Disorders: distress to others (Ex: OCPD: Sorted colors of rubber bands and pushpins) DANGEROUSNESS • Some behaviors and feelings are of potential harm to the individual, such as suicidal gestures, or to others, such as excessive aggression. DEVIANCE • Unusual behavior not just from the society, but from the person’s usual behavior as well • Ex: Extraverted person suddenly became quiet • NORMS: stated and unstated rules for proper conduct. CULTURE • A people’s common history, values, institutions, habits, skills, technology, and arts. • Thin line that separates normality from abnormality. • Atypical behavior should be observed in this context. • Examples: ▪ More severe depression cases for males because they do not admit their emotions ▪ Sex problems are embarrassing for Filipinos ▪ Going to faith healers instead of psychologists because of their beliefs • Psychomedical Tradition: faith healing (Ex: Concept of “usog”) • Behaviors caused by medical conditions, such as diabetes, are not abnormal. Only if they are part of a mental illness. • FAMILY STUDIES: researchers check for behavioral patterns in the family context TORTURE TECHNIQUES • STRAPPADO: using a rope • GUILLOTINE: using a metal blade • GAROTTE: using a metal wire or metal string • PEARL OF ANGUISH: using a metal ball • LOBOTOMY: impairing blood to flow to certain parts of the brain; insertion of icepick into • BLOODLETTING: surgical removal of the patient’s blood • TREPANNING OR TREPHANATION: removing part of the skull bone CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR 1. Abnormality as Norm Violation (Ex: Feeble-mindedness and intellectual giftedness) • NORMS: stated and unstated rules for proper conduct 2. Abnormality as Statistical Rarity 3. Abnormality as Personal Discomfort

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ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 4. Abnormality as Deviation from an Ideal 5. Abnormality as Maladaptiveness HIPPOCRATES AND GALEN: HUMORAL PSYCHOLOGY • First stated that the brain can also be diseased • Body fluids and temperaments • HIPPOCRATES: father of modern medicine 1. PHLEGMATIC: Phlegm, water, sluggish 2. MELANCHOLY: Black bile, earth, sad constantly 3. CHOLERIC: Yellow bile, fire, angry all the time 4. SANGUINE: Blood, air, cheerful and friendly person, and good humor 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES: MORAL THERAPY • PHILLIPPE PINEL: France • WILLIAM TUKE: England • BENJAMIN RUSH: United States • DOROTHEA DIX: Mental Hygiene Movement • SYPHILLIS OF THE BRAIN: organic factors underlying general paresis; one of the most serious illnesses of the day • PENICILLIN: drug used to cure syphilis THOMAS SZASZ (1920–2012) • Emphasized on society’s role that he found the whole concept of mental illness to be invalid, a myth of sorts. • According to Szasz, the deviations that society calls abnormal are simply “problems in living,” not signs of something wrong within the person. • Definition is only used to control deviating, distressing, dangerous, and dysfunctional behavior. MARTIN SELIGMAN AND STEVEN MAIER: LEARNED HELPLESSNESS THEORY OF DEPRESSION • People become anxious and depressed when they decide that they have no control over the stress in their lives • The depressive attributional style is • CAUSES: Coercive, ineffective, inconsistent parents, media violence, and peer rejection ▪ INTERNAL: in that the individual attributes negative events to personal failings ▪ STABLE: in that, even after a particular negative event passes, the attribution that “additional bad things will always be my fault” remains ▪ GLOBAL: in that the attributions extend across a variety of issues • Most studies support the finding that negative cognitive styles precede and are at risk for depression • Ex: Battered Woman Syndrome HOPELESSNESS THEORY • Expectation that desirable outcomes will not occur and that the person has no responses available to change this situation.

• Rumination is defined as a tendency to repetitively dwell on sad experiences and thoughts, or to chew on material again and again. • The most detrimental form of rumination may be a tendency to brood or to regretfully ponder why an episode happened. AARON BECK: COGNITIVE THEORY OF DEPRESSION • Father of Cognitive Therapy • COGNITIVE BIAS: tendencies to process information in certain negative ways • DEPRESSIVE COGNITIVE TRIAD: depressed people make cognitive errors in thinking negatively about themselves, their immediate world, and their future • BECK HOPELESSNESS SCALE: to know if the person has negative attitudes towards the future • NEGATIVE SCHEMA: an enduring negative cognitive belief system about some aspects of life • IN A SELF-BLAME SCHEMA: individuals feel personally responsible for every bad thing that happens • WITH A NEGATIVE SELF-EVALUATION SCHEMA: they believe that they can never do anything correctly • FALSE-CONSENSUS EFFECT / FALSE-CONSENSUS BIAS: is an attributional type of cognitive bias whereby people tend to overestimate the extent to which their opinions, beliefs, preferences, values, and habits are normal and typical of those of others (Ex: that others also think the same way that they do) NEGATIVE COGNITIVE STYLES (DO PSALMM) 1. DICHOTOMOUS OR ABSOLUTIST OR BLACK AND WHITE THINKING • seeing only the extremes of things, never the middle • symptom of many mental illnesses, including borderline personality disorder (BPD) • Ex: You think that people are either good or bad. 2. OVERGENERALIZATION • making generalizations about a negative aspect • Ex: After you failed the quiz, you think that you will now fail quizzes in all other classes. • Ex: When you embarrassed yourself in public speaking and you now think that you will always embarrass yourself when speaking to anyone. 3. PERSONALIZATION • a tendency for individuals to relate external events to themselves, even when there is no basis for making this connection • Ex: This is like when you blame yourself for something you didn’t do. 4. SELECTIVE ABSTRACTION • focuses on the negative

RUMINATION THEORY

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ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY • a detail is taken out of context and believed whilst everything else in the context is ignored • Ex: When one fails in an exam but has perfect scores on the other exams 5. ARBITRARY INFERENCE • evident when a depressed individual emphasizes the negative rather than the positive aspects of a situation • Ex: you believe that someone doesn’t like you without actual information to support that belief 6. LABELING AND MISLABELING • involve portraying one’s identity on the basis of imperfections and mistakes made in the past and allowing them to define one’s true identity • Ex: You screwed up in the past, and now you think you are an evil person. 7. • • •

MINIMIZATION downplaying the significance of an event or emotion a common strategy in dealing with feelings of guilt Ex: You failed a test worth 25% and you think that this will not impact your grade.

8. MAGNIFICATION • effects of one's behavior are magnified • Ex: When you make a small mistake and you think that you’ve made a really big one HANS SELYE: GENERAL ADAPTATION • Used to understand relationship between stressful events and the body’s response to stress • ALARM: fight or flight response; the body goes through predictable responses regardless of the type of stressor • RESISTANCE: coping mechanisms • EXHAUSTION: body’s defenses or adaptational resources are depleted • EUSTRESS: the body eventually adapts to any stress in a positive manner ALBERT ELLIS: RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY (REBT) • Called as the grandfather of cognitive behavior therapy • COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY: Treatment approach that involves identifying and altering negative thinking styles related to psychological disorders and replacing them with more positive beliefs and attitudes – and ultimately, more adaptive behavior and coping styles • INTELLECTUAL INSIGHT: basically cognitive; one's irrational beliefs are irrational and rational beliefs are rational; usually does not facilitate change

• EMOTIONAL INSIGHT: basically a full, emotionally-felt and deep understanding; does impact on one's feelings, behavior, and subsequent thinking; marker of significant change FRITZ AND LAURA PERLS: GESTALT THERAPY • viewing humans as a whole rather than as a sum of discretely functioning parts • Deals mostly with patients who have experienced unfinished business, lack of sense of closure and has a tendency to have a fixed figure-ground relationship • initial goal is for clients to gain awareness of what they are experiencing and how they are doing it • focuses on the here and now, the what and how, and the I/Thou of relating • is lively and promotes direct experiencing rather than the abstractness of talking about situations • FRITZ’S TWO PERSONAL AGENDA: moving the client from environmental support to self-support and reintegrating the disowned parts of one’s personality • A basic assumption of Gestalt therapy is that individuals have the capacity to self-regulate when they are aware of what is happening in and around them. • PARADOXICAL THEORY OF CHANGE: we change when we become aware of what we are as opposed to trying to become what we are not JOSEPH WOLPE: SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION / GRADUATED EXPOSURE THERAPY • gradually introducing objects patients fear • for phobia treatment • IN VIVO EXPOSURE: involves client exposure to the actual anxiety-evoking events rather than simply imagining these situations. FLOODING • Another form of exposure therapy is flooding, which refers to either in vivo or imaginal exposure to anxiety-evoking stimuli for a prolonged period of time. • IN VIVO FLOODING: consists of intense and prolonged exposure to the actual anxiety-producing stimuli. • IMAGINAL FLOODING: is based on similar principles and follows the same procedures except the exposure occurs in the client’s imagination instead of in daily life. FRANCINE SHAPIRO: EYE MOVEMENT DESENSITIZATION AND REPROCESSING • involves imaginal flooding, cognitive restructuring, and the use of rapid, rhythmic eye movements and other bilateral stimulation to treat clients who have experienced traumatic stress STEVE DE SHAZER: SOLUTION FOCUSED THERAPY • aim to understands the present, and future focused • goal-directed and focuses on solution

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ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY RICHARD LAZARUS : STRESS-APPRAISAL / COGNITIVE APPRAISAL THEORY • stress is a two-way process • it involves the production of stressors by the environment, and the response of an individual subjected to these stressors PRIMARY APPRAISAL • In the stage of primary appraisal, an individual tends to ask questions like, “What does this stressor and/ or situation mean?”, and, “How can it influence me?” • According to psychologists, the three typical answers to these questions are: "this is not important" "this is good" "this is stressful" SECONDARY APPRAISALS • Involve those feelings related to dealing with the stressor or the stress it produces. • Person starts to assess internal and external resources available to solve problem. • POSITIVE SECONDARY APPRAISAL: Uttering statements like, “I can do it if I do my best”, “I will try whether my chances of success are high or not”, and “If this way fails, I can always try another method”. • NEGATIVE SECONDARY APPRAISAL: “I can’t do it; I know I will fail”, “I will not do it because no one believes I can” and, “I won’t try because my chances are low” BOWEN’S THERAPY • To reduce family stress levels and help members achieve differentiation PHASES OF STRESS-INOCULATION TRAINING 1. CONCEPTUAL PHASE 2. SKILL ACQUISITION PHASE 3. APPLICATION PHASE OTHER PEOPLE RELATED TO PSYCHOLOGY • WILLIAM FRANKENBURG: developed Denver Developmental Screening Test • JAMES BRAID AND FRANZ MESMER: Popularized hypnosis • JOHN P. GREY: insanity was always caused by physical illness • MANFRED SAKI: created insulin shock therapy to help patients to calm down • EMIL KRAEPELIN: developed a psychiatric classification system BIOGENICAMINE THEORY DOPAMINE (excitatory) SEROTONIN

HIGH Schizophrenia, Mania Mania

LOW Parkinson’s, Depression Depression; Anxiety; Eating disorders

EPINEPHRINE OR ADRENALINE NOREPINEPHRINE OR NORADRENALINE (activates sympathetic nervous system) GLUTAMATE (major excitatory) GABA (major inhibitory) ACETYLCHOLINE ENDORPHINS

Acute stress; Sleep disorders

Fatigue

PTSD and Anxiety, Mania

Depression

Psychosis; Neuron death Relaxation

Huntington’s Disease Anxiety; OCD Dementia Eating disorders

• INVERSE AGONIST: a chemical substance that produces effects opposite those of a particular neurotransmitter • REUPTAKE: when a neuron reabsorbs a recently released neurotransmitter • AFFERENT NEURONS: sensory neurons that carry nerve impulses from sensory stimuli towards the central nervous system and brain • EFFERENT NEURONS: motor neurons that carry neural impulses away from the central nervous system and towards muscles to cause movement SOCIOGENIC FACTORS • Unemployment • Poverty • Crime • Poor educational level DIATHESIS-STRESS MODEL • Psychological disturbances stem from a genetic predisposition triggered by stress • Biogenicamine and Sociogenic • PREDISPOSING FACTOR: causes of a disorder when it develops (Ex: 2 students failed in a subject, one student manifested a symptom, and the other did not.) • PRECIPITATING FACTOR: factors that allow disorders to develop (Ex: 2 individuals has a relative with schizophrenia, the other was abused by a parent while the other was not, the abused developed schizophrenia.) • TWIN STUDIES: most likely to show genetic contributions in terms of psychopathology RECIPROCAL GENE-ENVIRONMENT MODEL • claims that people with a genetic predisposition to a disorder may also have a genetic tendency to create environmental risk factors that promote the disorder BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH • Current approach being used in the study of psychopathology taking into account all possible causes of a mental disorder • MAINTENANCE TREATMENT: combination of psychosocial treatment, medication, or both designed to prevent relapse following therapy

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ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY CATEGORICAL AND DIMENSIONAL MODELS “KIND” vs. “DEGREE” • Dimensions instead of categories • By a dimensional model individuals would not only be given categorical diagnoses but also would be rated on a series of personality dimensions • “Emerging measures and models” FIVE FACTOR MODEL OF PERSONALITY (“BIG FIVE”) • Openness to experience • Conscientiousness • Extraversion • Agreeableness • Neuroticism • Cross-cultural research establishes the universal nature of the five dimensions PERSPECTIVES IN VIEWING ABNORMALITY 1. PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE: all behavior derived from unconscious childhood experiences PSYCHOANALYSIS BY FREUD A. PRE-GENITAL STAGES (ORAL AND ANAL) determine behavior. ORAL STAGE • EARLY STAGE: pleasure is derived from SUCKING; LIBIDO is concentrated in the MOUTH; time for NOURISHMENT • Whatever the child sucks, he swallows. Whatever he intakes becomes a part of himself • LATE STAGE OF ORAL PHASE: Getting pleasure from biting • ORAL RECEPTIVE OR ORAL INCORPORATIVE CHARACTER: fixation that is tied up with clinginess and dependency; free loaders and gullible; will more likely develop DEPENDENT PERSONALITY DISORDER • ORAL SADISTIC OR ORAL AGGRESSIVE CHARACTER: frank, harsh, war freak, good debaters, smoker; will more likely develop ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER ANAL STAGE • EARLY STAGE OF ANAL PHASE: pleasure is driven from EXCRETION • LATE STAGE OF ANAL PHASE: pleasure is driven from RETENTION; not physically interpreted as holding the feces; the child gets pleasure from not RECEIVING ANY PUNISHMENT for wrong excretion • FECES is considered by Freud as the child’s gift to the mother because they can control it • ANAL EXPULSIVE: messy, spontaneous, generous; will more likely develop BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER • ANAL RETENTIVE: organized, neat, possessive, stingy; will more likely develop OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE PERSONALITY DISORDER

• Compatibility is manifested in a relationship of an oral receptive and anal expulsive. B. GENITAL STAGES • Phallic, Latency, and Genital are already considered. TRANSFERENCE • Battleground of repression • Once encountered, continue the therapy sessions 2. BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVE: improper learnings results to disorders • COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE: offshoot of behavioral perspective; pioneered by Albert Bandura 3. HUMANISTIC-EXISTENTIALIST PERSPECTIVE: humans who can’t fulfill own potentials develop disorders 4. NEUROSCIENCE PERSPECTIVE: disorders are caused by imbalances in the neurotransmitters 5. MEDICAL PERSPECTIVE: treats disorders as sicknesses • Origin of the symptoms, syndromes, DSM-5, etc. 6. SPIRITISTIC PERSPECTIVE: most ancient and animalistic perspective TECHNICAL ECLECTICISM • Therapist combines several techniques from different psychotherapies without necessarily following any theoretical position PUBLICATION BIAS • Just publishing positive significant results PATIENT UNIFORMITY MYTH • Immediately believing that a treatment for a particular disorder will be effective for all types of clients regardless of individual effectiveness DETERMINANTS OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR A. BIOLOGICAL: genetic make-up, neurotransmitter imbalances, brain injury, etc. • GENETIC FACTORS: heredity; genes carry different traits (Ex: Alzheimer’s disease skip one generation) • BIOLOGICAL DEPRIVATION: lack of a biological need (Ex: Malnourishment may lead to emotional regulation or retardation) • OBNOXIOUS AGENTS: also called TERATOGENS; toxic chemicals that might affect the development of the fetus (Ex: Alcohol Intake during pregnancy may lead to Fetal Alcohol Syndrome) • Accidents (Ex: Case of Phineas Gage)

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ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY • BODY CONSTITUTIONS: state of the physical body which is problematic (Ex: Conversion Blindness of a child who witnessed the death of his parents because he has a weak vision) • BIOCHEMICAL FACTORS: neurotr...