Abnormal-Psychology - Summary Essentials of Abnormal Psychology PDF

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 PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: The scientific study of mental disorders.  CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY: Applied branch of psychology that seeks to understand, assess, and treat psychological conditions in a clinical setting  ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY: the branch of psychology that studies unusual patterns of behavior, emoti...

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ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY  PSYCHOPAT HOL OGY: T h es c i e n t i fi cs t u d yo fme n t a l d i s o r d e r s .  CL I NI CALPSY CHOL OGY: Ap p l i e db r a n c ho f p s y c h o l o g yt h a t s e e k st oun d e r s t a n d, a s s e s s , a n dt r e a tps y c h ol o g i c a l nac l i n i c a l s e t t i ng c o n di t i o n si  ABNORMALPSYCHOL OGY: t h eb r a n c ho f p s y c h o l o g yt h a t s t u d i e su nu s ua l p a t t e r n so f b e h a v i o r , e mo t i o na n dt h o u g h t wh i c h ma yo rma yn o t i n d i c a t ea nu n de r l y i n gc o n d i t i o n.  HEAL THPSYCHOL OGY: fi e l do f p s y c h o l o g yi n v o l v i n gt h ee ffe c t s o fme nt a l p r oc e s s e st op h y s i c a l h e a l t ha n dh o wi t c a nb e c h a n ge dt oi mp r o v eap e r s o n ’ sc h a n c eo f p h y s i c a l r e c o v e r y  DEVEL OPMENT ALPSY CHOP ATHOL OGY: s t u dyo f c h a n ge si n a b no r ma l b e ha v i o rt h a t o c c u ro v e rt i me CRI T ERI AF ORNORMAL I TY NORMALBEHAVI OR e h a v i o ri ss i mi l a rt ot h eb e h a v i o ro fo t h e rp e op l ei nt h e  On e ’ sb s o c i e t y  Ex : T wome nk i s s i n gi sn or ma l i no t h e rc o u n t r i e s . ARBI T RARYDECI SI ONS  Pr o b l e mi na v e r a g eno r ma l i t y r t a i ng r o upo f i n d i v i d u a l sd e fi n ewh a t i ss o c i a l l ya c c e p t a bl e  Ce a n dc o n f o r mi n g  So me t i me s , t h o s ewh i c ha r es t a t i s t i c a l l ys i g n i fic a n tma yn o tb e s i t u a t i o n s . ( Ex :De p r e s s i o nSc a l e s : 4 9a s s i gn i fi c a nti na c t u a l n o r ma l a n d5 0a sd e p r e s s e d)  Ex : Bo a r dEx a mRa t e s : Pa s s i n ga ndF a i l i n g( 7 4 . 8a n d7 5 ) NORMALI TYI SSOCI ALCONF ORMI TY  So meb e h a v i o r sa r eno n c o n f o r mi n g, y e t n or ma l  Pr o bl e mof Cr i mi n a l i t y : v i o l a t i o n so f s o c i a l n o r ms( Ex : Ha i rCo l o r Po l i c y )  Pr o bl e mof Soc i a l St a nd a r d s NORMALI TYI SPERSONALCOMF ORT  Ex : Sa dn e s si sok a yb e c a us eo n ene e d st ob e  Ex : Pa r a ph i l i ai sn o r ma l b e c a u s ei ti sn ot Pa r a p h i l i cDi s o r d e r ; Sa d oma s o c h i s m ma ybepl e a s i ngt oo n ema yno t b ep l e a s i n gt oo t h e r( Ex :  Wh a t Ma n i a ) NORMALI TYI SAPROCESS r ma l t o da yb ut no tt o mor r o wa n dv i c e v e r s a .  On ema yb eno  Ev e r y o nego e su nd e ra d j u s t me nt a n dc o p i n g p e c t r u mwi t he n dsofn or ma l i t ya nda b no r ma l i t y  I t i sas 4D’ S DYSFUNCTI ON  I ft h i si sp r e s e n t , t h eb e h a v i o r i sa l r e a d ya bn o r ma l r e a k d o wni nc o g n i t i v e , e mo t i o n a l , o rb e h a v i o r a l f un c t i o ni ng  t oab i n t e r f e r e swi t hd a i l yf u n c t i on i n g. I t s ou p s e t s , d i s t r a c t s , o r  I t c o n f us e sp e op l et h a t t h e yc a n no tc a r ef o rt h e ms e l v e sp r o p e r l y , p a r t i c i p a t ei no r d i n a r ys o c i a l i n t e r a c t i o n s , o r wo r kp r o d u c t i v e l y .  Ex : Wor r y i n gl e a d sy o ut ol o c k i n gy o u r s e l fu pi ny o u rr oo m; Be ha v i or st h a t pr e v e n ty o ut os l e e pa n dt oe a t

DI STRESS  Cl i n i c a l Di s o r d e r s : d i s t r e s st ot h ei nd i v i d u a l ( Ex : OCD:T a k i ng5 t o7s h o we r se v e r y d a y ) r s o n a l i t yDi s o r d e r s :d i s t r e s st oot h e r s( Ex : OCPD:So r t e d  Pe c o l o r so fr u bb e rb a nd sa ndpu s hp i n s ) DANGEROUSNESS  So meb e h a v i o r sa n df e e l i n g sa r eo f p ot e n t i a l h a r mt ot h e i n d i v i d u a l , s u c ha ss u i c i d a l ge s t u r e s , o rt oo t h e r s , s u c ha s e x c e s s i v ea g gr e s s i o n. DEVI ANCE  Un us u a l b e h a v i o rn o tj u s tf r omt h es oc i e t y , bu t f r omt h e p e r s on ’ su s u a l b e h a v i o ra swe l l  Ex : Ex t r a v e r t e dp e r s o ns u dd e nl yb e c a meq ui e t  NORMS: s t a t e da n du n s t a t e dr ul e sf o r p r op e rc o nd u c t . CUL T URE o p l e ’ sc o mmonh i s t o r y , v a l u e s , i n s t i t u t i o n s , h a b i t s , s k i l l s ,  Ape t e c h n o l o g y , a n da r t s . h i nl i n et h a t s e p a r a t e sno r ma l i t yf r o ma b n or ma l i t y .  T y p i c a l b e ha v i o rs h o u l db eob s e r v e di nt hi sc o nt e x t .  At  Ex a mpl e s :  Mo r es e v e r ede p r e s s i onc a s e sf o rma l e sb e c a u s et he yd ono t a d mi tt he i re mo t i o n s  Se xp r ob l e msa r ee mb a r r a s s i n gf o rF i l i p i n os  Go i ngt of a i t hhe a l e r si n s t e a dof p s y c h o l og i s t sb e c a u s eof t h e i rb e l i e f s  Ps y c h o me di c a l T r a d i t i o n:f a i t hh e a l i n g( Ex : Co nc e p to f“ u s og ” ) a u s e db yme d i c a l c o nd i t i o n s , s u c ha sd i a be t e s , a r e  Be h a v i o r sc . On l yi f t h e ya r ep a r t o f ame nt a l i l l n e s s . n o ta b no r ma l AMI L YST UDI ES: r e s e a r c h e r sc h e c kf o rbe h a v i o r a l p a t t e r n si n  F t h ef a mi l yc o n t e x t T ORT URETECHNI QUES u s i n gar op e  STRAPPADO:  GUI L L OT I NE: u s i n game t a l b l a d e  GAROTT E: u s i n game t a l wi r eo rme t a l s t r i n g SH: u s i n game t a l b a l l  PEARLOFANGUI OBOT OMY: i mp a i r i n gb l oo dt oflo wt oc e r t a i np a r t so f t h e  L b r a i n ; i n s e r t i o no f i c e p i c ki n t o OODL ETTI NG: s u r g i c a l r e mo v a l oft h ep a t i e nt ’ sbl oo d  BL  T REP ANNI NGORT REPHANAT I ON: r e mo v i n gpa r to f t h es k u l l b o ne CRI TERI AF ORDETERMI NI NGABNORMALBEHAVI OR 1 . Ab n o r ma l i t ya sNor mVi o l a t i o n( Ex : F e e b l e mi n d e d n e s sa nd i nt e l l e c t ua l gi f t e d ne s s ) s t a t e da n du n s t a t e dr u l e sf o rp r o p e rc on du c t  NORMS: 2 . Ab n o r ma l i t ya sSt a t i s t i c a l Ra r i t y 3 . Ab n o r ma l i t ya sPe r s o n a l Di s c o mf o r t 4 . Ab n o r ma l i t ya sDe v i a t i onf r oma nI d e a l 5 . Ab n o r ma l i t ya sMa l a d a pt i v e ne s s

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ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY HI PPOCRATESANDGALEN: HUMORALPSYCHOL OGY a i nc a na l s ob edi s e a s e d  F i r s t s t a t e dt h a t t h ebr dyfl u i d sa n dt e mp e r a me n t s  Bo  HI PPOCRATES: f a t h e ro fmo de r nme d i c i n e 1 .PHL EGMA TI C: Phl e gm, wa t e r , s l ug g i s h 2 .MELANCHOL Y: Bl a c kb i l e , e a r t h , s a dc o n s t a n t l y 3 .CHOL ERI C: Y e l l o wbi l e , fi r e , a n g r ya l l t h et i me 4 .SANGUI NE: Bl oo d , a i r , c h e e r f ul a n df r i e n dl yp e r s o n, a n dg o od h u mor T H 1 9 AND2 0THCENT URI ES:MORALT HERAPY L LI PPEPI NEL : F r a n c e  PHI LL I AMTUKE: En gl a n d  WI  BENJ AMI NRUSH: Un i t e dSt a t e s  DOROT HEADI X: Me n t a l Hy g i e n eMo v e me nt L LI SOFTHEBRAI N: o r g a n i cf a c t or su nd e r l y i n gge n e r a l  SYPHI p a r e s i s ; o n eo f t h emos ts e r i o usi l l n e s s e so f t h ed a y CI LL I N: d r u gu s e dt oc u r es y p h i l i s  PENI

T HOMASSZASZ( 1 9 2 0 – 2 0 1 2 )  Emp h a s i z e do ns oc i e t y ’ sr o l et h a t h ef o u n dt h ewh o l ec o n c e p t o f me nt a l i l l n e s st ob ei n v a l i d, amy t ho f s o r t s .  Ac c o r d i n gt oSz a s z , t h ed e v i a t i o n st h a t s o c i e t yc a l l sa b n o r ma l a r e p r o b l e msi nl i v i ng , ” n o t s i g n so f s o me t h i n gwr o ng s i mp l y“ wi t h i nt h ep e r s o n. fin i t i o ni so n l yu s e dt oc o nt r o l de v i a t i ng , d i s t r e s s i n g ,  De d a n g e r o u s , a n dd y s f u n c t i on a l b e ha v i o r . MARTI NSEL I GMANANDST EVENMAI ER:L EARNED HEL PL ESSNESST HEORYOFDEPRESSI ON o p l eb e c o mea n x i o usa ndd e pr e s s e dwh e nt he yd e c i det h a t  Pe t h e yh a v en oc on t r o l o v e rt h es t r e s si nt h e i rl i v e s e pr e s s i v ea t t r i bu t i o na l s t y l ei s  T h ed  CAUSES: Coe r c i v e , i ne ffe c t i v e , i n c o ns i s t e n t pa r e nt s , me d i a v i ol e n c e , a ndp e e rr e j e c t i o n  I NT ERNAL: i nt h a t t h ei n d i v i d u a l a t t r i b u t e sn e g a t i v ee v e n t st o p e r s on a l f a i l i ng s  ST ABL E: i nt h a t , e v e na f t e rap a r t i c ul a rne g a t i v ee v e n tp a s s e s , t h ea t t r i b u t i o nt h a t “ a d d i t i o na l b a dt h i n gswi l l a l wa y sb emyf a u l t ” r e ma i n s  GL OBAL: i nt h a t t h ea t t r i b u t i o n se x t e n da c r o s sav a r i e t yo f i s s ue s  Mo s t s t u d i e ss u p p o r t t h efi n d i n gt h a t n e g a t i v ec o g n i t i v es t y l e s r ea t r i s kf o rd e p r e s s i on p r e c e d ea n da  Ex : Ba t t e r e dWoma nSy n d r o me HOPEL ESSNESST HEORY  Ex p e c t a t i o nt h a t d e s i r a bl eo u t c o me swi l l n o to c c u ra n dt h a t t h e p e r s onh a sn or e s p o n s e sa v a i l a b l et oc h a ng et h i ss i t u a t i on . RUMI NATI ONTHEORY e p e t i t i v e l yd we l l ons a d  Ru mi n a t i o ni sd e fi n e da sat e n d e n c yt or e x p e r i e n c e sa n dt h o ug ht s , o rt oc he wo nma t e r i a l a g a i na nd a g a i n.

s t de t r i me n t a l f o r mo f r u mi n a t i o nma yb eat e nd e nc yt o  T h emo ne p i s od eh a p pe n e d. b r o odo rt or e gr e t f u l l yp o nd e rwh ya AARONBECK:COGNI T I VETHEORYOFDEPRESSI ON  F a t h e ro fCo gn i t i v eTh e r a p y  COGNI TI VEBI AS: t e nd e n c i e st op r o c e s si n f o r ma t i oni nc e r t a i n n e g a t i v ewa y s  DEPRESSI VECOGNI T I VET RI AD: d e p r e s s e dpe o p l ema k e nt h i n k i n gn e g a t i v e l ya b o u t t h e ms e l v e s , t h e i r c o g ni t i v ee r r o r si i mme di a t ewo r l d, a n dt h e i r f ut u r e  BECKHOPEL ESSNESSSCAL E: t ok no wi f t h ep e r s o nh a s n e g a t i v ea t t i t ud e st o wa r d st h ef ut u r e  NEGAT I VESCHEMA: a ne n d ur i n gne g a t i v ec og n i t i v ebe l i e f s y s t e ma b o u t s o mea s p e c t so f l i f e NASELF BLAMESCHEMA: i n d i v i d u a l sf e e l p e r s o n a l l y  I r e s p on s i b l ef o re v e r yb a dt h i n gt h a t h a p p e n s  WI THANEGA TI VESEL FEV AL UAT I ONSCHEMA: t h e yb e l i e v e t h a t t h e yc a nn e v e rd oa n y t hi n gc o r r e c t l y  F ALSECONSENSUSEF FECT/ F AL SECONSENSUSBI AS: i s a na t t r i b u t i o n a l t y p eo f c o g n i t i v eb i a swh e r e b ype o pl et e n dt o o v e r e s t i ma t et h ee x t e n t t owh i c ht h e i ro pi ni on s , b e l i e f s , p r e f e r e n c e s , v a l u e s , a n dh a b i t sa r en or ma l a n dt y p i c a l o ft h os e o f o t h e r s( Ex :t h a t o t h e r sa l s ot h i nkt h es a mewa yt h a tt he yd o) NEGAT I VECOGNI TI VESTYL ES( DOPSALMM) 1 .DI CHOT OMOUSORABSOL UTI STORBLACKANDWHI TE T HI NKI NG  s e e i ngo nl yt h ee x t r e me so f t h i n g s , n e v e rt h emi dd l e y mpt omo f ma n yme n t a l i l l n e s s e s , i n c l u d i n gb o r d e r l i n e  s p e r s o n a l i t yd i s o r d e r ( BPD)  Ex : Y o ut h i n kt h a tp e op l ea r ee i t h e rg o odo rba d . I ZATI ON 2 .OVERGENERAL  ma k i ngge n e r a l i z a t i o nsa b ou tan e g a t i v ea s p e c t  Ex : Af t e ry o uf a i l e dt heq u i z , y o ut h i nkt h a t y o uwi l l no wf a i l q u i z z e si na l l o t he rc l a s s e s .  Ex : Wh e ny o ue mb a r r a s s e dy o ur s e l f i np ub l i cs p e a k i n ga nd y o un o wt h i nkt h a ty o uwi l l a l wa y se mb a r r a s sy ou r s e l fwh e n s p e a k i n gt oa n y o n e . I ZATI ON 3 .PERSONAL  at e n d e n c yf o ri nd i v i d ua l st or e l a t ee x t e r n a l e v e n t st o , e v e nwh e nt h e r ei snob a s i sf o rma k i n gt h i s t h e ms e l v e s c o n ne c t i o n  Ex : Th i si sl i k ewh e ny o ub l a mey o u r s e l ff o rs o me t hi ngy o u d i d n ’ td o. 4 .SELECT I VEABSTRACTI ON  f o c u s e sont h ene g a t i v e t a i l i st a k e no ut ofc o nt e x t a n dbe l i e v e dwh i l s t e v e r y t h i n g  ade e l s ei nt h ec o n t e x t i si g n or e d  Ex : Wh e non ef a i l si na ne x a mb ut h a sp e r f e c ts c or e so nt h e o t h e re x a ms

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ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 5 .ARBI T RARYI NF ERENCE  e v i d e nt wh e nad e pr e s s e di n d i v i d u a l e mp h a s i z e st h en e ga t i v e r a t he rt ha nt h ep os i t i v ea s p e c t so f as i t u a t i o n  Ex : y o ube l i e v et h a ts o me on edo e s n ’ t l i k ey o uwi t h o u ta c t u a l i nf o r ma t i ont os u pp o r t t h a t be l i e f NGANDMI SLABELI NG 6 .LABELI r t r a y i ngo n e ’ si d e n t i t yont h eb a s i so fi mp e r f e c t i o ns  i n v o l v epo a n dmi s t a k e sma d ei nt h ep a s ta n da l l o wi ngt h e mt ode fi n eo n e ’ s t r uei d e nt i t y  Ex : Y ous c r e we du pi nt hep a s t , a n dn o wy o ut hi n ky o ua r ea n e v i l pe r s o n. NI MI ZAT I ON 7 .MI o wn p l a y i n gt h es i g ni fic a n c eo f a ne v e n t o re mo t i o n  d  ac o mmo ns t r a t e g yi nd e a l i n gwi t hf e e l i n g so f g ui l t  Ex : Y ouf a i l e dat e s two r t h2 5 %a ndy o ut h i n kt ha tt hi swi l l n ot i mpa c ty o u rgr a d e . 8 .MAGNI FI CATI ON ffe c t sof o n e ' sbe h a v i ora r ema g n i fie d  e  Ex : Wh e ny o uma k eas ma l l mi s t a k ea n dy o ut h i n kt h a t y o u’ v e ma d ear e a l l ybi gon e HANSSEL YE:GENERALADAPT ATI ON d e r s t a n dr e l a t i o ns h i pb e t we e ns t r e s s f u l e v e nt sa n d  Us e dt oun t h ebo d y ’ sr e s p o n s et os t r e s s fi gh t o rfli gh tr e s p o n s e ; t h eb o d ygo e st h r o u g h  ALARM: p r e d i c t a b l er e s p o n s e sr e g a r dl e s so f t h et y p eo f s t r e s s o r  RESI ST ANCE: c o pi ngme c h a ni s ms ON: b o d y ’ sd e f e n s e so ra d a p t a t i o n a l r e s ou r c e sa r e  EXHAUSTI d e pl e t e d RESS: t h eb od ye v e n t u a l l ya d a p t st oa n ys t r e s si na  EUST p o s i t i v ema n n e r AL BERTEL LI S:RATI ONALEMOTI VEBEHAVI ORALTHERAPY ( REBT) a n df a t he ro fc o gn i t i v ebe h a v i ort h e r a p y  Ca l l e da st h egr TI VEBEHAVI ORALT HERAPY: T r e a t me n t a p p r o a c ht h a t  COGNI i n v o l v e si d e nt i f y i n ga n da l t e r i n gn e g a t i v et h i n k i n gs t y l e sr e l a t e d t op s y c h o l o g i c a l d i s o r d e r sa n dr e p l a c i n gt h e mwi t hmo r ep os i t i v e b e l i e f sa n da t t i t u d e s–a ndu l t i ma t e l y , mor ea d a p t i v eb e ha v i o r a n dc o p i ngs t y l e s NT EL LECT UALI NSI GHT : b a s i c a l l yc o gn i t i v e ; o n e ' si r r a t i on a l  I b e l i e f sa r ei r r a t i on a l a n dr a t i o n a l b e l i e f sa r er a t i o n a l ; u s u a l l yd oe s n o tf a c i l i t a t ec h a ng e I ONALI NSI GHT: b a s i c a l l yaf u l l , e mo t i o na l l y f e l ta n d  EMOT d e e pu n de r s t a nd i n g; d o e si mp a c to no n e ' sf e e l i n g s , b e h a v i o r , a n ds u b s e q u e n t t h i nk i ng ; ma r k e ro fs i g ni fic a n tc ha n g e F RI TZANDLAURAPERL S: GEST AL TTHERAPY sawh o l er a t h e rt h a na sas u mo fd i s c r e t e l y  v i e wi n gh u ma n sa f u n c t i o n i n gpa r t s

 De a l smo s t l ywi t hp a t i e nt swh oh a v ee x p e r i e n c e du nfi n i s he d , l a c ko f s e n s eofc l o s u r ea n dh a sat e n d e n c yt oh a v ea b u s i n e s s fi x e dfi gu r e g r o u n dr e l a t i o ns h i p  i ni t i a l g oa l i sf o r c l i e n t st oga i na wa r e n e s so f wh a t t he ya r e n dh o wt he ya r ed oi ngi t e x p e r i e nc i n ga o c u s e so nt h eh e r ea n dno w, t h ewh a t a n dh o w, a n dt h eI / T h o u  f o f r e l a t i n g i v e l ya n dp r o mo t e sdi r e c t e x p e r i e nc i n gr a t h e rt h a nt h e  i sl a b s t r a c t n e s so f t a l k i n ga b o u t s i t u a t i o n s  F RI TZ’ STWOPERSONALAGENDA: mo v i ngt h ec l i e n t f r o m n dr e i n t e g r a t i ngt h e e n v i r o nme n t a l s u p po r tt os e l f s u p po r ta d i s o wne dp a r t so f o n e ’ sp e r s o n a l i t y s s ump t i o no f Ge s t a l t t h e r a p yi st h a t i n d i v i d u a l sh a v et h e  Ab a s i ca c a p a c i t yt os e l f r e g u l a t ewh e nt h e ya r ea wa r eo f wh a t i s h a p p e n i n gi na n da r o u n dt h e m.  P ARADOXI CALTHEORYOFCHANGE:wec ha n gewh e nwe b e c o mea wa r eo f wh a twea r ea so pp o s e dt ot r y i n gt ob e c o me wh a t wea r en o t J OSEPHWOL PE: SYST EMA TI CDESENSI TI ZATI ON/ GRADUAT ED EXPOSURET HERAPY  g r a d u a l l yi n t r o d uc i n go b j e c t spa t i e n t sf e a r ho b i at r e a t me n t  f o rp  I NVI VOEXPOSURE: i n v o l v e sc l i e n t e x p o s u r et ot hea c t u a l a t h e rt h a ns i mp l yi ma g i n i n gt h e s e a n x i e t y e v o k i nge v e n t sr s i t u a t i o n s . F L OODI NG  An o t h e rf o r mo f e x p o s u r et h e r a p yi sfl o o d i n g , wh i c hr e f e r st o e i t h e ri nv i v oori ma gi na l e x p o s u r et oa n x i e t y e v o k i n gs t i mu l i f o r ap r o l o n g e dp e r i o do f t i me . NVI VOFL OODI NG: c o n s i s t so f i nt e n s ea ndp r o l on ge d  I ot h ea c t u a l a n x i e t y p r o d u c i n gs t i mu l i . e x p o s u r et  I MAGI NALFL OODI NG: i sb a s e do ns i mi l a rp r i n c i p l e sa n df o l l o ws t h es a mep r o c e d u r e se x c e p tt h ee x po s u r eo c c u r si nt h ec l i e n t ’ s n s t e a do f i nd a i l yl i f e . i ma gi n a t i oni F RANCI NESHAPI RO: EYEMOVEMENTDESENSI T I ZATI ONAND REPROCESSI NG  i n v o l v e si ma g i n a l fl oo d i n g, c og n i t i v er e s t r u c t u r i ng , a n dt h eu s e o f r a p i d , r h y t h mi ce y emo v e me nt sa n do t h e r b i l a t e r a l s t i mu l a t i o n t ot r e a t c l i e n t swh oh a v ee x p e r i e n c e dt r a u ma t i cs t r e s s STEVEDESHAZ ER:SOL UT I ONF OCUSEDT HERAPY  a i mt ou nd e r s t a n d st h ep r e s e n t , a n df u t u r ef o c u s e d  g o a l di r e c t e da n df o c u s e so ns o l ut i o n RI CHARDLAZARUS: ST RESSAPPRAI SAL/ COGNI T I VE APPRAI SALT HEORY  s t r e s si sat wo wa yp r oc e s s r o d u c t i ono fs t r e s s or sb yt h ee n v i r o n me n t , a n d  i t i n v o l v e st h ep t h er e s p o ns eof a ni n di v i d u a l s u b j e c t e dt ot h e s es t r e s s o r s PRI MARYAPPRAI SAL

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ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY  I nt h es t a g eo f p r i ma r ya p p r a i s a l , a ni n d i v i d u a l t e n d st oa s k q u e s t i on sl i k e , “ Wh a td oe st h i ss t r e s s o ra n d / o r s i t u a t i o n me a n ? ” , a n d , “ Ho wc a ni t i n flu e n c eme ? ”  Ac c o r d i n gt op s y c h o l o g i s t s , t h et h r e et y pi c a l a n s we r st ot h e s e q u e s t i o n sa r e : " t h i si sno ti mp or t a n t "" t h i si sg oo d "" t h i si s s t r e s s f ul " SECONDARYAPPRAI SALS  I n v o l v et h o s ef e e l i n g sr e l a t e dt od e a l i n gwi t ht h es t r e s s o ro rt h e s t r e s si t p r o d u c e s .  Pe r s o ns t a r t st oa s s e s si n t e r na l a n de x t e r n a l r e s o u r c e sa v a i l a b l e t os o l v ep r o b l e m. TI VESECONDARYAPPRAI SAL: Ut t e r i ngs t a t e me n t sl i k e , “ I  POSI c a nd oi t i fI domyb e s t ” , “ I wi l l t r ywh e t h e rmyc h a n c e so f s u c c e s sa r eh i g ho rn o t ” , a n d“ I f t h i swa yf a i l s ,I c a na l wa y st r y a n o t h e rme t h o d ” .  NEGAT I VESECONDARYAPPRAI SAL: “ I c a n ’ td oi t ; I k n o wI wi l l f a i l ” , “ I wi l l n o t d oi t b e c a u s en oon ebe l i e v e sI c a n” a n d , “ I wo n ’ t t r yb e c a u s emyc ha n c e sa r el o w” BOWEN’ ST HERAPY  T or e du c ef a mi l ys t r e s sl e v e l sa n dh e l pme mb e r sa c h i e v e d i ffe r e nt i a t i on PHASESOFST RESSI NOCULATI ONT RAI NI NG 1 .CONCEPT UALPHASE 2 .SKI L LACQUI SI TI ONPHASE 3 .APPL I CATI ONPHASE OTHERPEOPL ERELAT EDT OPSYCHOL OGY  WI LL I AMFRANKENBURG: d e v e l o p e dDe n v e rDe v e l op me nt a l Sc r e e ni ngT e s t AMESBRAI DANDF RANZMESMER: Pop u l a r i z e dh y p no s i s  J OHNP . GREY: i n s a ni t ywa sa l wa y sc a u s e db yph y s i c a l  J i l l n e s s  MANF REDSAKI : c r e a t e di n s ul i ns ho c kt he r a p yt oh e l pp a t i e n t s t oc a l md o wn LKRAEPEL I N: d e v e l o p e daps y c h i a t r i cc l a s s i fi c a t i o n  EMI s y s t e m BI OGENI CAMI NETHEORY DOP AMI NE( e x c i t a t or y )

SEROT ONI N EPI NEPHRI NEOR ADRENAL I NE NOREPI NEPHRI NEOR NORADRENAL I NE ( a c t i v a t e ss y mp a t he t i c n e r v o u ss y s t e m) GL UT AMA TE( ma j o r...