Active Reading Guide Activity 04 PDF

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Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell Name __ Kiara Armstrong_________ Period _________

Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell

Guided Reading Activities Chapter Content: The Microscopic World of Cells Complete the following questions as you read the fourth chapter content—The Microscopic World of Cells: 1.

Is the typical plant cell visible with the naked eye? Use Figure 4.2 on page 56 of your textbook. No, it can only be viewed by a electronic microscope.

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Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell 2.

The __cell theory_ states that all cells come from existing cells and that organisms are made of cells.

3.

Complete the table that compares prokaryotic to eukaryotic cells.

!

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

Contain cytoplasm, have one or more chromosomes, have ribosomes, and are bounded by a plasma membrane; Smaller and has fewer organelles

Contain cytoplasm, have one or more chromosomes, have ribosomes, and are bounded by a plasma membrane; Larger and contains more organelles;

! Description of cells

! 4.

5.

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A scientist discovers a cell in a sample of water from Utah’s Great Salt Lake. She discovers the cell has a cell wall, ribosomes, and a nucleoid region. Upon further microscopic observation the scientist notices the nucleoid region contains a single chromosome. Which of the following cells would it most likely be? A)

Prokaryote

B)

Animal cell

C)

Plant cell

D)

Eukaryote

Complete the following table illustrating the differences between plant and animal cells.

!

Plant cells

Shared features

All organelles are found within each type of cell except the ones listed specific to each type. Both cells are also eukaryotic

Unique features

Have cell walls, plasmodesmata, a central vacuole, and chloroplasts.

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Animal cells

Have centrioles (within the centrosome) and lysosomes.

Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell 6. The __cytoplasm_encompasses a region outside of the nucleus and within the plasma membrane. Chapter Content: Membrane Structure Complete the following questions as you read the fourth chapter content—Membrane Structure: 1.

True or false: If false, please make it a correct statement. The plasma membrane regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell. TRUE

2.

The primary molecular components of the plasma membrane are the lipids (phospholipids and cholesterol), proteins, and carbohydrates. ______________.

3.

Students, when asked to diagram a simple cell membrane, many times draw the structure below. What is wrong with this structure? In other words, briefly explain why it is incorrect.

This diagram is incorrect because the polar heads are facing each other. This arrangement would create a hydrophobic barrier on either side of the cell rather than an inner hydrophobic core. 4.

5.

Which of the following statements best describes the structure of a cell membrane? A)

Proteins sandwiched between two layers of phospholipids

B)

Proteins embedded in two layers of phospholipids

C)

A layer of protein coating a layer of phospholipids

D)

Phospholipids sandwiched between two layers of protein

A cell’s plasma membrane is described as being a __fluid mosaic_ because it is composed of a variety of molecules that are constantly in motion around each other.

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Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell

6.

Figure 4.5b on page 60 of your textbook indicates that membrane proteins will have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. Briefly explain why a membrane protein would need both regions. Refer to the figure to aid you in answering the question. The Phospholipid bilayer needs both regions of hydrophobic and hydrophilic because the hydrophilic heads are facing outward to exposed to aqueous solutions on both sides of the membrane and the hydrophobic tails and water fearing and are arranged inward mingling with each other and shielded from water.

7.

List three common bacterial targets of antibiotics.

1. Cell Wall Synthesis 2. Nucleic Acid Synthesis 3. Protein Synthesis Chapter Content: The Nucleus and Ribosomes: Genetic Control of the Cell Complete the following questions as you read the fourth chapter content—The Nucleus and Ribosomes: Genetic Control of the Cell: 1.

Complete the following table regarding the nucleus.

!

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Nuclear

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Nuclear pores

Nucleolus

Nucleus

Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell envelope Function

2.

3.

Separates the nucleus from cytoplasm

Allows certain materials to pass between the nucleus and the surrounding cytoplasm

Components of ribosomes made here

Control center of the cell

The nuclear envelope has passages for substances moving into and out of the nucleus. These passages are called nuclear pores and they are made by proteins that are inserted into the plasma membrane that makes up the nuclear envelope. These proteins would be assembled by: A)

Free-floating ribosomes

B)

The nucleus

C)

Ribosomes bound to the endoplasmic reticulum

D)

Nuclear pores

You discover a new drug that blocks the movement of all substances through the nuclear pores of the nucleus. Would your drug affect the copying of DNA into mRNA, translation of the mRNA into a protein, or both? Briefly explain your answer.

Translation, because that is when things move through the cell. 4.

Does DNA leave the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell? Use Figure 4.11 on page 63 of your textbook to answer the question. DNA does not technically leave the nucleus, it transfers its coded information into mRNA which then leave the nucleus through pores.

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Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell

Chapter Content: The Endomembrane System: Manufacturing and Distributing Cellular Products Complete the following questions as you read the fourth chapter content—The Endomembrane System: Manufacturing and Distributing Cellular Products: 1.

List the organelles of the endomembrane system.

Nucleus, rough ER, smooth ER, golgi, lysosomes, vesicles, and vacuoles 2.

3.

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Insulin is a protein hormone that is released into the bloodstream from cells in your pancreas. Which of the following organelles will be directly responsible for its export from the cell? A)

Ribosomes

B)

Endoplasmic reticulum

C)

Golgi Apparatus

D)

Nucleus

Complete the following table regarding the involvement of organelles in protein synthesis and transport.

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Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell

4.

!

Endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosomes

Golgi apparatus

Vesicles

Function

produces an enormous variety of molecules

Protein synthesis

Receives, refines, stores, and distributes chemical products of the cell

Sacs made of membrane that link organelles.

Interstitial endocrinocytes are specialized cells in the testes that are responsible for the synthesis of testosterone, which is a steroid hormone. You would expect interstitial endocrinocytes to be rich in which of the following? A)

Ribosomes

B)

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

C)

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

D)

Golgi apparatus

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Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell 5.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) lacks ribosomes, which gives it a “smooth” appearance.

6.

True or false: If false, make it a correct statement. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum contains many enzymes that allow it perform functions like detoxify circulating drugs. TRUE

7.

Use Figures 4.14 (page 65 of your textbook) and 4.17 (page 67 of your textbook) to answer the following question. Place the following steps in the order in which they occur: B—Proteins are modified as they pass through the Golgi apparatus A—A vesicle from the rough ER fuses with the Golgi membrane C—A vesicle buds off from a Golgi stack D—A vesicle containing a secretory protein fuses with the cell’s plasma membrane

8.

How are lysosomes different from vacuoles?

Vacuole is a cell organelle which contains mainly water while lysosomes also cell organelle and are regarded as suicide bags by function.

Chapter Content: Chloroplasts and Mitochondria: Providing Cellular Energy Complete the following questions as you read the fourth chapter content—Chloroplasts and Mitochondria: Providing Cellular Energy 1.

True or false: An animal cell will contain chloroplasts and mitochondria. If false, correct the statement. False, An animal cell ill contain mitochondria but not chloroplasts.

2.

The process of photosynthesis occurs primarily in a plant’s leaves. Based on this information, which of the following organelles would you expect to be present in the cells of plant leaves?

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A)

Ribosomes

B)

Chloroplasts

C)

The nucleus

D)

Mitochondria

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Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell

3.

Complete the Venn diagram that compares mitochondria to chloroplasts.

Compare: • Contains their own DNA • Reproduces themselves • Evolved from ancient free living • Act as cellular power stations

Contrast Chloroplasts: • Organelles that perform photosynthesis • unique to the photosynthetic cells of plants and algae • found only in plant cells Contrast Mitochondria: • found in almost all eukaryotic cells • the organelles in which cellular respiration takes place • produce ATP from the energy of food molecules 4.

A student has been shrunk to a size small enough to be inserted into one of the membrane-bound disks of a granum. That student travels completely out of the chloroplast into the cytosol of the plant cell. How many plasma membranes in total did the student travel through? Use Figure 4.18 on page 68 of your textbook to help answer the question. 4

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Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell

Chapter Content: The Cytoskeleton: Cell Shape and Movement Complete the following questions as you read the fourth chapter content—The Cytoskeleton: Cell Shape and Movement: 1.

Complete the following table regarding cellular structures.

! Function

2.

Cilia

Flagella

Cytoskeleton

cilia sweep mucus with trapped debris out of the lungs

propels cells through an undulating, whiplike motion

provides mechanical support for the cell and helps it keep it space

Certain human cells are highly motile, which means they can move throughout the tissues of your body. Other than a flagellum or cilia, which other cytoskeletal component would be directly involved in a cell moving through your tissue? Pseudopods

3. True or false: Microfilaments are thicker than microtubules. If false, please make it a correct 32

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Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell statement. False, Microtubules are thicker than Microfilaments. 4.

Which organelle is stained blue in Figure 4.20a on page 69 of your textbook?

Microtubules Major Theme Connection: 1.Research suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts are modern-day descendants of ancient prokaryotes that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotes. DNA is present in both of these organelles, which represents the only location for DNA in a eukaryotic cell outside of the nucleus. Briefly explain how this DNA evidence strongly supports this theory of endosymbiosis. Hint— use your knowledge of the unifying themes of biology. Mitochondria and Chloroplast contain some ribosomes which are different from the cytoplasmic ribosomes. These were measured to be 80s,while the Mitochondria and Chloroplasts are 70s.

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Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell Common Thread Connection: 1.

A cell’s plasma membrane acts as both a boundary and barrier for the cell. Briefly explain how the walls and roof of a home are a good analogy for the plasma membrane.

It is a good analogy because the plasma membrane seprates the living cell from it non-living surroundings. Like the roof a home protects its living residents within its walls from the dangerous of the outside world.

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