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Chapter 5: The Working Cell Name Kiara Armstrong______ Period _________

Chapter 5: The Working Cell

Guided Reading Activities Chapter Content: Some Basic Energy Concepts Complete the following questions as you read the fifth chapter content—Some Basic Energy Concepts: 1.

How is energy defined?

Energy is defined as the capacity to perform work.

2.

3.

Complete the table that compares kinetic to potential energy.

!

Kinetic energy

Potential energy

Description

the energy of motion

stored energy

Example

Solar energy

A candy bar

The fact that energy cannot be created or destroyed is known as the principle of conservation of energy.

4.

Is it possible for a candy bar to have potential energy for two different reasons at the same time? Briefly explain. Yes, it is. The candy bar has potential energy due to the bonds within the molecule, but it could also have potential energy if you placed it near the edge of a table.

5.

Energy is never created or destroyed. What happened to the energy that was stored in your gas tank after your car comes to a stop as a result of running out of gas? A)

The energy was lost.

B)

Entropy decreased in the universe.

C)

It was converted to heat.

D)

The car gained energy. Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education,

Inc.

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Chapter 5: The Working Cell

6.

True or false: Every energy conversion will increase the entropy within a system. If false, make it a correct statement._TRUE__________

7.

What two by-products are produced as a result of energy conversion during combustion of gasoline and cellular respiration? Carbon Dioxide and Water

8.

Use Figure 5.3 on page 78 of your textbook to answer the following questions:

9.

A)

How many kilocalories does a burrito contain? 0.5 kcal_________

B)

How many calories are in that same burrito? 500 Calories ___________

C)

How long would you need to swim in order to burn the calories from that one burrito? Hour and 15 minutes. _____________________

Define a calorie. Tiny units of energy

Chapter Content: ATP and Cellular Work Complete the following questions as you read the fifth chapter content—ATP and Cellular Work: 1.

True or false: The energy contained in the food we eat directly powers all of our cellular activities. If false, please make it a correct statement. FALSE: The chemical energy released by the breakdown of organic molecules during cellular respiration is used to generate molecules of ATP.

2.

What is the relationship between ADP and ATP within a cell? ATP can be restored by adding a phosphate group back to ADP. Cellular work spends ATP, which is recycled when ADP

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Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 5: The Working Cell and phosphate are combined using energy released by cellular respiration.

3. A cell pumps certain ions against their concentration gradient in order to maintain gradients for those ions. Which of the three types of cellular work would this be an example of? This would be considered transport work. 4.

Phosphorylation is the process by which a phosphate group is added to a molecule. The phosphorylation of ADP creates ___ATP __________.

5.

Where does the energy come from to power the addition of a phosphate group to ADP to make ATP? Use Figure 5.6 from page 80 of your textbook. The energy comes sugars and other organic fuels via cellular respiration.

Chapter Content: Enzymes Complete the following questions as you read the fifth chapter content—Enzymes: 1.

A molecule that speeds up chemical reactions is a(n) enzyme _______________.

2.

The amount of energy needed to perform a chemical reaction is the _______________________. A)

Activation energy

B)

Substrate energy

C)

Active site

D)

Inhibition site

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Chapter 5: The Working Cell 3.

Use Figure 5.7 in your textbook on page 80 to answer this question. What has the enzyme done to the reaction? An enzyme has sped up the chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy barrier.

4.

In pole vaulting, the higher the bar is placed, the more difficult it is to clear it. Explain why this is a good analogy to help students understand enzymes and activation energy. In this analogy, the bar represents the activation energy necessary for the reaction to occur. The higher the bar, the harder it is to jump. The more activation energy that is required, the harder it will be for the reaction to occur.

5.

The relationship between an enzyme’s active site and its substrate is most like which of the following?

6.

A)

A comb and hair

B)

A car and a driver

C)

A scarf and a hand

D)

A key and a lock

Briefly describe the process of directed evolution.

Directed evolution was a process used to produce a better version of a particular enzyme.

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Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 5: The Working Cell 7.

The graph on page 80 in your textbook illustrates the difference between a chemical reaction with and without an enzyme. Can the reaction in Figure 5.7a still occur without the enzyme? Briefly explain your answer. Yes, a reactant molecule must overcome the activation energy barrier before a chemical reaction can break the molecule into products.

8.

Enzyme activity can be inhibited. Describe two ways in which enzymes can be inhibited. How are they similar? How are they different? The two types are enzyme inhibitors and substrate imposters. They both disrupt the enzyme by altering its shape. The difference is where they bind to the enzyme. One binds at the active site and the other doesn’t.

Chapter Content: Membrane Function Complete the following questions as you read the fifth chapter content—Membrane Function: 1.

List four functions that membrane proteins can perform for a cell. A) Transport

B) Intercellular Joining

C) Cell Signaling

D) Cell-cell Recognition Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education,

Inc.

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Chapter 5: The Working Cell 2.

Match the following terms with their description: passive transport, diffusion, active transport, concentration gradient, solute, and osmosis. A)

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane: ______osmosis________

B)

Movement across a cell membrane that requires no energy from a cell: ___passive transport____

C)

Movement of a substance from high to low concentration: _____simple diffusion_______

D)

When there exists a difference in the amount of a substance across a distance: _____ _____concentration gradient______

F)

A substance dissolved in a solution: __solvent________

3.

A cell is placed into a beaker containing a 3% sucrose solution. The cell contains a 5% sucrose solution. Use an arrow to illustrate the direction in which water will diffuse in the figure below. Assume the cell’s membrane is permeable to water, but not permeable to the sucrose.

4.

Complete the table that compares terms associated with tonicity.

Isotonic solution ! Each terms refers Two solutions that have the same solute to… concentrations

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Hypotonic solution

Hypertonic solution

A solution that has less solute than the solution it is being compared to

A solution that has more solute than the solution it is being compared to

Effect on a plant cell if placed in a…

Flaccid

Turgid

Shriveled

Effect on an animal cell if placed in a…

Normal

Lyse

Shrivel

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 5: The Working Cell 5.

Use Figure 5.13 on page 84 of your textbook to answer the following question. What process would occur if the membrane that separates the two sides of the tube was permeable to the sugar molecules? Facilitated Diffusion

6.

In contrast to passive transport, active transport pumps a substance _against_ its gradient

7.

You are sailing on Lake Chelan from Chelan, Washington, to Stehekin, Washington, which is the Southern Gateway to North Cascades National Park. A sudden storm causes your sailboat to spring a leak. You immediately grab a bucket and begin bailing water out of the boat. Briefly explain how your predicament could be used as an analogy to help explain both active and passive transport. The water moves from one area of higher to lower concentration

Major Theme Connection: 1.

Read the Process of Science about engineered enzymes on page 81 of your textbook. What is the likely reason that explains the ability of the engineered glycoside hydrolase to catalyze the chemical reaction 170 times more efficiently than the original enzyme? Hint—Use knowledge gained from the enzyme chapter content with respect to substrates. It has the ability because the genes for this enzyme were mutated and duplicated until the enzyme was the most efficient. It is likely that the shape of this enzyme has the best fit to the substrate.

Common Thread Connection: 1.

Sucrase is the enzyme that breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose. Will sucrose also catalyze the breakdown of the disaccharide maltose? Briefly explain your answer. No,sucrase is not an enzyme. The Enzyme that would breakdown maltose would be maltase. Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education,

Inc.

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