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Lecture 1 - IntroductionWhat is an Information System? ● A system that collects, processes, stores, analyzes, and disseminates information for a specific purpose. ● It is part of the tools, people, and processes used by management to ensure an organization is reaching its goals and realizing its str...

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Lecture 1 - Introduction What is an Information System? ● A system that collects, processes, stores, analyzes, and disseminates information for a specific purpose. ● It is part of the tools, people, and processes used by management to ensure an organization is reaching its goals and realizing its strategy. ● Purpose: To provide accurate, timely and useful information Management Information Systems & Analytics ● Management Information Systems (MIS): Study of People, Technology & Organizations ● Analytics: Tools & Techniques for Data-Driven Decision Making Why Study Information Systems? How is Information Systems different from Computer Science orInformation Technology? Computer Science ● Developing, optimizing, proving ● Why Does Technology Work? • Technology-Focused • Theory-Oriented Information Technology ● Deployment focused, use-oriented ● How Does Technology Work? • Deployment-Focused • Use-Oriented • How is a Management Management Information Systems ● Business focused, application oriented, cross functional ● What Technology Would Work Best? • Business-Focused • Application-Oriented • Cross-Functional Benefits of an MIS education for a management student: ● In today’s workplace, it is imperative that IS work: Effectively, Efficiently, and Reliably ●

IS experts DO NOT only work with the IT department: • Ex. Recording and Reporting Financial Transactions (Accounting) • Ex. Tracking new applicants and employee benefits (Human Resources) • Ex. Identifying new or high-value customers or regions (Sales, Marketing)

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As an IS expert for your business function, you will: • Play a vital role in the implementation and administration of technology within your divisions and for the benefit of your organization. • Plan, coordinate, and direct research on the computer-related activities of firms • Consult with other managers, help determine the goals of an organization and then implement technology to meet those goals • Coordinate with pertinent people about technical topics such as software development, network security, and Internet operations

Why Study Information Systems? ● MIS & Analytics degrees considered to be among the most valuable University Majors today ● Per the Robert Half Technology 2021 Salary Guide for Canada: ● Position Range (Min – Max) ○ CRM Business Analyst $86,000 – $174,500 ○ ERP Business Analyst $94,000 – $144,750 ○ Business Systems Analyst $68,250 – $132,500 ○ Staff Consultant (Systems) $67,750 – $112,000 ○ Data Modeler $86,000 – $154,000 ○ Data Reporting Analyst $53,000 - $101,000

Lecture 2 - What is an Information System? ● ● ●

A system that collects, processes, stores, analyzes, and disseminates information for a specific purpose. Part of the tools, people, and processes used by management to ensure an organization is reaching its goals and realizing its strategy. Purpose: To provide accurate, timely and useful information

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An Information System consists of FIVE PARTS: 1. People, 2. Procedures 3. Software 4. Hardware 5. Data

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Each element must be present, and all the elements must work together

What is an Information System? ● Information System (IS) = I.T. plus procedures, and people that produce & utilize information • I.T. = hardware + software + data ● ● ● ●

Products (Computers, Network Switches and Cables) Methods (Object-Oriented Vs. Functional Programming) Standards (XML, HTML, CSS, xBRL, SOAP, REST)

Avoid a common mistake: You can buy I.T., but you can’t buy an IS

Implementing IT • Buying or leasing hardware, licensing programs and databases, even obtaining predesigned procedures. • However, people execute those procedures to utilize I.T. Implementing IS • Any new system requires training tasks, overcoming employees’ resistance to change, and managing employees as they utilize new systems. Information Systems is more than just Technology • Using information systems effectively requires an understanding of the organization, management, and information technology shaping the systems. • An information system creates value for the firm as an organizational and management solution to challenges posed by the environment. Information Systems aid the Decision-Making Process: • Improves productivity • Monitors organizational performance • Facilitates Planning and decision-making • Enhances Competitive Advantage Data versus Information: • Data are streams of raw, unorganized facts ● (e.g. product sold on ABC date for XYZ amount) • Information is data shaped into meaningful form ● (e.g. number of products sold per month) • Example: Raw data from an electronics retailer can be processed and organized to produce meaningful information – Revenue from product categories (Premium Vs. Budget) – Revenue from product types (Laptops Vs. Desktops) – Revenue month to month (September Vs. December Vs. January)

Systems Theory Three core activities of information systems: • Input: Captures raw data from organization or external environment • Processing: Converts raw data into meaningful form • Output: Transfers processed information to people or activities that use it Advanced information systems also incorporate one  additional functionality: Feedback • Output returned to appropriate members of organization to help evaluate or correct input stage It is important to remember that these functionalities are not limited to technologies: • Can you think of these activities in a management context?

Types of information systems

Lecture 3 - Introduction to Social Computing Social Media & Business Strategy ● Social Media platforms and applications have changed how we communicate, socialize, access and use information, and shop ● These tools are the means to doing things and not the ends. ● As business managers, we need to know how to leverage their potential to achieve strategic advantage What is Social Media? ●

A formal definition: “Social Media is a group of Internet Based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0, and that allow the creation and exchange of User Generated Content.”

The Foundation of Social Media Web 2.0 ● Software as a continually-updated service that gets better the more people use it, consuming and remixing data from multiple sources, including individual users, while providing their own data and services in a form that allows remixing by others, creating network effects through an architecture of participation User-Generated Content (UGC) ● Various forms of media content that are publicly available and created by end-users. • ● Three basic requirements for UGC: ○ Publication: Needs to be published either on a publicly accessible website or on a social networking site accessible to a selected group of people ○ Creative: Needs to show a certain amount of creative effort (versus simply sharing unoriginal content)

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Outside of Professional Practice: Needs to have been created outside of professional routines and practices (although this is blurred by professional networking sites and influencer marketing)

Some Characteristics of Web 2.0: ● The ability to tap into the collective intelligence of users ● Data is made available in new or never-intended ways (mashups) ● Relies on user-generated and user-controlled content and data ● Lightweight programming techniques and tools let nearly anyone act as a Web site developer ● The virtual elimination of software-upgrade cycles makes everything a perpetual beta or work-in-progress. Application can be designed quickly to meet changing needs Some General Social Media Trends ● Social media has led to the Convergence of Information and Communication: 1. More Channels for Communication as well as Media Consumption. 2. Blurring lines between personal communication and media consumption. 3. Social media being used for many other purposes than were originally intended or envisioned

Types of and Channels for Social Media Relationship Networks:

Expanding Uses of Social Media Example: Employee Recruitment ● Employers frequently use social media platforms to attract candidates, either through posting job ads to the site (LinkedIn Jobs), or using site features to find candidates (LinkedIn Recruiter) ● Employers also frequently search candidates on social media platforms to get a sense of the person online “brand” ○ As a potential job candidate (or current employee), consider how you present yourself online. ○ As a hiring manager, consider how and whether you should search through a candidate's social media Social Media Implications for Business ● Reach out and engage with customers, prospects, partners, and your network ○ Be on social media, regularly communicate with customers / colleagues ● Create opportunity by communicating and sharing information ○ Regularly post content, create interest groups ● Manage your reputation and discover new business through monitoring information. ○ Monitor customer posts (feedback), communicate with both satisfied and unsatisfied customers, monitor social trends (marketing opportunities, new product designs)

Adopting a Social Business Aptitude ● Maximize the potential of social media by using it by various business functions ○ ex: Marketing, Customer Relations, Human Resources, Product Design ● Rather than using social media as an inside-out promotional medium, leverage the outside-in conversations as well ○ ex: New product ideas, customer feedback ● Harness big social data to glean insights for product research, competitive analysis and prediction of customer needs ● Update corporate policies and guidelines ○ ex. protecting confidential data, interacting with customers ● Summary: Have an “Integrated Social Media” (ISM) Strategy

Lecture 4 - Social Computing in Business Big Data The Size of Data ● In 2015, Instagram at 400,000,000 users and 40,000,000,000 photos The Speed of Data ● Over 500,000,000 tweets sent per day ● ~ 20,000,000 tweets per hour ● ~ 347,000 tweets per minute ● ~ 6,000 tweets per second With so much data already out there, and so much being created, how do we effectively use it? Data in Many Forms: Structured vs Unstructured Data Structured data ● refers to information with a high degree of organization, such that inclusion in a relational database is seamless and readily searchable by simple, straightforward search engine algorithms or other search operations Unstructured data ● is essentially the opposite: The lack of structure makes compilation and analysis a time and energy-consuming task

Big Data Challenges Challenges to overcome: The 4 Vs

Social Media & Big Data Traditional Approach ● Structured and repeatable analysis ● Top down approach ○ Business users determine what questions to ask ○ IT structures the data to answer that question ● Ex: monthly sales report, profitability analysis, customer surveys Big Data Approach ● Iterative and Exploratory Analysis ● Bottom up approach ○ IT delivers a platform to enable creative discovery ○ Business users explores what questions could be asked ● Ex: broad sentiment, product strategy

Application of Big Data: Social Network Analysis (SNA) ● The mapping and measuring of relationships and flows between people, groups, organizations, computers, or other information or knowledge processing entities ● ●

Nodes in the network are the people and groups Links show relationships or flows between the nodes

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SNA provides both visual and mathematical analyses of relationships

Social Media Strategy Social Media is always in a flux due to three factors: ● End-Users ○ (Demographics, Changing Preferences) ● Use Cases ○ (Sharing with Friends, Broadcasting to Public, Purchasing Products) ● Functionality ○ (Chat, Status, Images, Profiles, Permanence) ● Implication: Strategies and tactics used to manage social media have to constantly adapt. Social Commerce The use of social computing by businesses in innovative ways 1. Delivery of electronic commerce activities and transactions through social computing 2. Social interactions and user contributions allow customers to participate actively in the marketing and selling of products and services in online marketplaces and communities 3. Individuals can collaborate online, obtain advice from trusted individuals, and find and purchase goods and services From Goals to Metrics ● Goal/Mission: A broad idea of what ● Objective: Measurable outcome related to your goal ● Strategy: General approach to achieving objective ● Tactics: Specific actions that get realize the objective ● KPI/Metrics: Specific measurements that tell you how you are performing From Goals to Metrics – Non-Profit ● Goal/Mission: Promote entrepreneurship and local businesses ● Objective: Increase the percentage of new startups lasting longer than 1 year by 10% • ● Strategy: Create awareness of new business grants and funding ● Tactics: Create mailing list targeted to new business owners directing them to open grant applications ● KPI/Metrics: Follow-up rate of new business owners, number of business grant applications submitted Social Media Strategy: Framework Strategy ● needs to be formulated in terms of objectives, tactics, and metrics ● Corporate governance issues such as policies and guidelines need to be considered. ● Components of a Social Media Strategy: ○ Objectives (Measurable Outcome) ○ Tactics (Tools or Approaches Used) ○ Metrics (Specific Measurements)

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It is a never-ending cycle because of the changing nature of social media sites and services, and how we use them

PDCA Framework: ● Plan: Creating a social media strategy ● Do: Implementing tactics and campaigns aligned with the social media strategy ● Check: Regular (daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, etc.) review of metrics created as part of the strategy to determine if business ROI in social media has been sufficiently achieved or not ● Act (or Adjust): Fine-tuning the social media strategy, tactics, plans for campaigns, and even potentially refining or changing metrics or how measurements are performed Social Media Strategy: Components – Objectives & Tactics ● Objectives ○ Link to corporate strategy ○ Ways to extend brand’s strengths online ● Classic Objectives: ○ increase sales ○ decrease expenses ○ improve ROI ● Social Objectives: ○ Greater customer engagement (word of mouth) ○ Influence (public policy or trend setting) ○ Advocacy (Generating attention over social or environmental issues) ● Customers ○ Target demographic group and focus ○ Assess type of users ● Sharing: ○ What social tools will be used ○ What type of content will be shared ● Who: ○ Who will lead the effort ● Brand Alignment: ○ Guidelines, Tone of voice, Media usage ● Monitor: ○ Listening to customers, Activities monitoring, Measuring success Social Media Metrics Example of Social Media Strategic Metrics: Customer Dialog Metrics Conversation ● Reach: How many users have seen your social media?

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Share of Voice: Your ownership of the market vs. your competitors

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Audience Engagement: How active is your audience with your social media approach? Dialog provides the basis for building awareness and word of mouth.

Social Media Strategy: Criterion-based Selection of Tools ● Recall that there is a wide variety of possible social media types that exist ● An organization’s choice (or development) of social media should be governed by what it is trying to achieve.

Strategic Social Media Management: Key Success Factors Strategy: ● A comprehensive, company-wide social media strategy, and all functions and business units adhere to a uniform set of strategic directives Organization: ● Employ dedicated FTEs in different functions and set aside budgets specifically for social media activities Criteria-based platform selection: ● Select appropriate social media platforms based on clear criteria to match social media strategy Integration: ● Integrate and leverage social media activities along the entire value chain Awareness: ● Created a significantly higher awareness for social media throughout the company Leadership: ● Make social media activities a priority for top management and ensure senior executives are highly involved.

Lecture 5 - Web 2.0 – Fundamentals & Business Applications Web 1.0 ● Consistency: Static Pages ● Content Author: Controlled Content ● Hardware: Computers ● Use Case: Users View Content ● Scale: Individual Users ● Marketing Goal: Influence (Customer Base) ● Data: Single Source (Author of Website) Web 2.0 ● Consistency: Dynamic Pages ● Content Author: User Controlled Content ● Hardware: Computers, Mobile Devices (Smartphones, Tablets), Televisions, Game Systems, Car Dashboards, Smart Devices ● Use Case: Users (View and) Create Content ● Scale: User Communities ● Marketing Goal: (Form) Relationships (with Customer Base) ● Data: Multiple Sources (e.g. Mashups, Sharing, Linking) Web 2.0 Applications Key Features of Web 2.0: ● Information Sharing, Collaboration and Interactive Functionality of the web ● Interconnectivity and Interactivity of web-delivered content

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Architecture based on Participation Popular Examples of Web 2.0 based Applications: ○ Social Networking Sites, Video Sharing Sites, Wikis, Blogs, and Folksonomies ○ Mashups and APIs (Application Programming Interfaces)

Web 2.0 & Rich Internet Applications ● Rich Internet Applications are a dominant feature of Web 2.0 Attributes: ● Web applications that have many of the characteristics of desktop software (e.g. Microsoft Outlook) ● Typically delivered either through specialized browsers, browser plug-ins, or client virtual machines Uses: ● Rendering multiple forms of content (text, audio, video etc.) in an integrated fashion (e.g. YouTube) ● Engaging users via interactive user-friendly interfaces (e.g. Google Maps) ● Performing complex data visualization, including dynamic charting or graphical presentation of data Modern Enabling Technology: HTML5

Enterprise 2.0 Tools ● “A system of Web-based technologies that provide rapid and agile collaboration, information sharing, emergence, and integration capabilities in the extended enterprise” Enterprise 2.0 refers to Web 2.0 technologies used for business purposes: ● Promote collaboration and knowledge exchange among employees (intranets) and company partners (extranets) Business use of Web 2.0 technologies: ● Recruiting and professional networking ○ (e.g. LinkedIn) ● Marketing, promotion, and sales ○ (Social Media) ● Internal collaboration and communication ○ (Wikis, Document Management Systems) ● Supply Chain Management 2.0 ○ (Visibility, Optimization, Connecting with both suppliers and customers) Web 2.0 Technologies: Wikis Definition: A wiki is a website or similar online resource which allows  users to add and edit content collectively ● A dynamic, collectively authored set of web pages ● Invented in 1995 by Ward Cunningham to facilitate online collaboration ● Wikis are an enabling technology for knowledge contributions, storage and exchange Purpose: Collectively share and edit a body of knowledge. One tool of the Knowledge Management practice Examples: ● General Wiki: www.wikipedia.com ● Themed Wiki: Wookiepedia ● Corporate Wiki: Confluence Characteristics of a Wiki Application: ● Web-based ● Interactive ● Collaborative (multiple authors/contributors) ● Iterative (building on what’s already there) Features: ● Wikis are intended to maintain a series of unique documents as their content evolves ○ (e.g. Corporate Policies, Program Plans, Training Material)

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Wikis have built-in version control ○ No changes can be made without creating a record of who made those changes. ○ Reversion to an earlier version is always possible

Business Implication: When  collaboration and communication is important, provide employees with internal Wikis. Web 2.0 Technologies: RSS Feeds RSS (Rich Site Summary) (Really Simple Syndication): ● A standardized data format to publish freque...