Amboss PLE Study Guide PDF

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PLE Study Guide

Table of Contents Welcome to AMBOSS! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6

I. Biochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 7

1. Biochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8

II. Anatomy and Histology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

   9

1. Musculoskeletal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 10

2. Head and Neck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   11 3. Thorax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    11

4. Abdomen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   12 5. Pelvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 6. Neuroanatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   13

III. Microbiology and Parasitology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1. Cell Theory and General Microbiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     15 2. Bacteriology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   15 3. Mycology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4. Parasitology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  .   18 5. Virology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

IV. Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1. Cellular, Fluid, and Membrane Physiology (Fundamentals) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   22 2. Musculoskeletal Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   22 3. Neuophysiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   23 4. Cardiovascular Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 5. Respiratory Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

6. Gastrointerstinal Physiology (w/ Accessory Organs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

7. Renal and Acid Base Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25

2

Table of Contents 8. Endocrine Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   25 9. Reproductive physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26

10. Blood, lymphoreticular, and immune systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 26

11. Physiology in Special Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27

V. Legal Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 1. Ethics and Medical Jurisprudence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   29 2. Forensic medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

VI. Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 1. General Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   32 2. Systemic Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   33

VII. Pharmacology and Therapeutics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

38

1. General Pharmacology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    39 2. Drug Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39

VIII. Surgery, Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 1. Basic Principles of Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     43 2. Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3. Gastrointestinal Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     45 4. Urology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   47 5. Head and Neck, Thyroid, Parathyroid and Breast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   48 6. Orthopedic Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      49 7. Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   50 8. Ear, Nose and Throat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 51

9. Opthalmology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   52

3

Table of Contents IX. Internal Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 1. Cardiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 2. Pulmonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55

3. Gastroenterology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 4. Nephrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     57 5. Endocrinology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   58 6. Rheumatology and Immunology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

59

7. Infectious Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    60 8. Dermatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 9. Neurology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    62 10. Psychiatry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

X. Obstetrics and Gynecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 63

64

1. Obstetrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 2. Gynecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

XI. Pediatrics and Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

66

67

1. Neonatology and Child Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 2. Cardiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   68 3. Pulmonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   69 4. Gastroenterology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    69 5. Nephrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

70

6. Endocrinology and Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    70 7. Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     71 8. Hematology and Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 72

9. Infectious Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  73 10. Neurology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  74 11. Psychiatry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   74

4

Table of Contents XII. Preventive and Community Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   75 1. Epidemiology and Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  76 2. Preventative Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

76

3. Health care system, Medical Law and Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 4. Community Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 5. Not available in AMBOSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

5

Welcome to AMBOSS! Are you preparing for the PLE - Physician Licensure Examination? AMBOSS has developed this Study Guide with input from Medical Doctors in the Philippines, for YOU. Created by a team of dedicated physicians, AMBOSS is an interactive library of 20,000+ medical topics inter- linked with a Question Bank that contains over 5,000 clinical case-based questions. With all the necessary resources in one place, AMBOSS delivers up-to-date medical knowledge to students, physicians, and faculty around the world. Most importantly, all of our content is peer-reviewed and regularly updated to reflect the latest research findings by a team of nearly 100 expert physicians from around the world. This means that, with AMBOSS, you’ll always have the highest quality medical knowledge at your fingertips. The AMBOSS Philippines Study Guide is a comprehensive checklist of all the topics candidates must know before sitting the exam, and knowledge expected to be acquired during the career. To use this resource for your studies, click on each topic and you will be directed to the assigned articles from the AMBOSS library. From the articles, you will also be able to access the corresponding questions in the AMBOSS Qbank.

Click here to open library articles

Click here to answer multiple choice questions

With AMBOSS, you’ll be able to study for your exams online, but you can also access our study resources offline by downloading the AMBOSS Knowledge Library or QBank application for Android and iOS. Finally, the AMBOSS team is here to support you. If you have questions, suggestions or comments, please do not hesitate to contact us at [email protected]. Happy studying!

6

I. Biochemistry

Biochemistry

1. Biochemistry Theme

Topic

Mollecular biology

Enzymes and biocatalyst

Nutrition and Metabolism

Carbohydrates Amino acids Proteins and peptides Lipids and fat metabolism Glycogen metabolism Citric acid cycle Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

Genetics

Nucleotides, DNA, RNA Purines and pyrimidines DNA replication and repair Transcription Translation

8

II. Anatomy and Histology

1. Musculoskeletal 2. Head and Neck 3. Thorax 4. Abdomen 5. Pelvis 6. Neuroanatomy

1. Musculoskeletal Theme

General anatomy

General anatomy

Upper limb

Upper arm and elbow Shoulder, axilla, and brachial plexus Forearm, wrist, and hand Neurovasculature of the upper limbs

Lower Limb

The leg, ankle, and foot Thigh, knee, and popliteal fossa Neurovasculature of the lower limbs

Back

The back Vertebral column

10

2. Head and Neck Theme

Head and neck

Overview of the head and neck region Skull

Organs of the head

Eye and orbit The ear Nose and sinuses Oral cavity Palate Tonsils Salivary glands

Organs of the neck

Larynx Trachea Pharynx Esophagus Thyroid gland and parathyroid glands

3. Thorax Theme

Thorax

Thoracic cavity Chest wall

Cardiovascular anatomy

Heart Blood vessels

Respiratory anatomy

Airways and lungs

Breast anatomy

The breasts

11

4. Abdomen Theme

Gastrointestinal anatomy

Abdominal cavity Gastrointestinal tract Esophagus Stomach Liver Gallbladder and bile Pancreas Small intestine Large intestine

Renal and urinary anatomy

Overview of the urinary tract Kidneys Adrenal gland

5. Pelvis Theme

Pelvic anatomy

Pelvis and hip joint

Reproductive anatomy

Female reproductive organs Male reproductive organs

12

6. Neuroanatomy Theme

Cells of the nervous system

Nerve tissue, synapses, and neurotransmitters

Central nervous system

The cerebral cortex, meninges, basal ganglia, and ventricular system Cerebellum Diencephalon Brainstem Cerebrovascular system

Peripheral nervous system

Autonomic nervous system Cranial nerves

13

III. Microbiology and Parasitology 1. Cell Theory and

 General Microbiology

2. Bacteriology 3. Mycology 4. Parasitology 5. Virology

1. Cell Theory and General Microbiology Theme

Cell biology

The cell The cell cycle

2. Bacteriology Theme

Bacteriology

General bacteriology Bacterial structure Distinguishing characteristics Bacterial genetics Mechanism of bacterial infection and disease Mechanisms of drug resistance

Bacteria overview

Bacteria overview

Gram positive cocci

Staphylcoccus Streptococcus

Gram positive bacilli

Clostridium Listeria Bacillus

Gram negative cocci

Neiserria

Gram negative coccobacilli

Haemophilus Brucella Bordetella Pasteurella Acinetobacter Francisella

15

2. Bacteriology Theme

Topic

Gram negative bacilli

Escherichia Shigella Salmonella Klebsiella Proteus Helicobacter Legionella Campylobacter Vibrio Bartonella Pseudomonas Yersinia

Branching filamentous bacteria

Actinomyces Nocardia

Atypical gram staining bacteria

Mycobacteria Mycoplasma Gardnerella Treponema Leptospira

Obligate intracellular bacteria

Chlamydia

Common associations of bacteria

Common associations of bacteria

16

3. Mycology Theme

Topic

General mycology

General mycology

Opportunistic fungal infections

Aspergillus fumigatus Candida albicans Cryptococcus neoformans Pneumocystis jirovecii Rhizopus and Mucor (Mucormycosis)

Cutaneous fungal infections

Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton (Dermatophytes) Malassezia furfur (Tinea versicolor) Dermatophytes

Systemic fungal infections

Histoplasma capsulatum Coccidioides immitis Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Blastomyces dermatitidis

Other fungal infections

Sporothrix schenckii

17

4. Parasitology Theme

General parasitology

Helminth infections- Summary

Nematodes (roundworms)

Nematodes (roundworms) Summary Ascariasis Enterobiasis Trichiuriasis Trichinellosis Hookworm infections (ancylostomiasis; necatoriasis) Strongyloidiasis Onchocerciasis Dracunculus medinensis (not available on AMBOSS) Anisakis (not available on AMBOSS) Capillaria philippinensis (not available on AMBOSS)

Cestodes (tapeworms)

Cestodes (tapeworms) Summary Echinococcosis Taeniasis Diphyllobothriasis (Diphyllobothrium latum or fish tapeworm infection) Dipylidium caninum (not available on AMBOSS)

Hymenolepiasis

Hymenolepiasis

Trematodes (flukes)

Trematodes (flukes) Summary Schistosomiasis Clonorchiasis Paragonimiasis

Protozoa

Entamoeba histolytica Giardia lamblia Trichomonas vaginalis Plasmodium Toxoplasma gondii

18

4. Parasitology Theme

Trypanosoma Babesiosis Leishmaniasis Cyclospora Isospora Naegleria fowleri Balantidium coli (not available on AMBOSS) Acanthamoeba (not available on AMBOSS)

19

5. Virology Theme

General virology

General virology Basics of virology Viral genetics Diagnostics

Enveloped DNA viruses

Herpesvirus Hepadnavirus Poxvirus

Nonenveloped DNA viruses

Adenovirus Polyomavirus Parvovirus

Enveloped RNA viruses

Paramyxoviridae Orthomyxoviridae Rhabdovirus Coronavirus Retrovirus Bunyavirus Arenavirus Togavirus Filovirus

Noneveloped RNA viruses

Picornaviridae Calicivirus Reovirus

20

IV. Physiology 1. Cellular, Fluid, and Membrane Physiology (Fundamentals) 2. Musculoskeletal Physiology 3. Neuophysiology 4. Cardiovascular Physiology 5. Respiratory Physiology 6. Gastrointerstinal Physiology   (w/ Accessory Organs) 7. Renal and Acid Base   Physiology 8. Endocrine Physiology     9. Reproductive Physiology 10. Blood, lymphoreticular, and immune systems 11. Physiology In Special  Environments

1. Cellular, Fluid, and Membrane Physiology (Fundamentals) Theme

Topic

Cellular Signaling, Cellular Mechanisms, and Second Messengers

Signal transduction

Resting potentials and action potentials

Resting potentials and action potentials

2. Musculoskeletal Physiology Theme

Topic

Muscle tissue

Muscle tissue summary Muscle cells (myocytes) Myofilaments

Contraction

Myofilament contraction Energy provision for muscle contraction

Muscle types

Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle

Neuromuscular junction

Neuromuscular junction

22

3. Neuophysiology Theme

Topic

Nerve tissue, synapses, and neurotransmitters

Nerve tissue, synapses, and neurotransmitters summary

Spinal cord tracts and reflexes

Spinal cord tracts and reflexes

4. Cardiovascular Physiology Theme

Topic

Cardiac physiology

Cardiac physiology summary Cardiac cycle Conduction system of the heart Heart excitation Regulation of cardiac activity Factors that affect cardiac output

Vascular physiology

Vascular physiology summary Circulatory system Hemodynamics Blood pressure regulation Perfusion Capillary fluid exchange

23

5. Respiratory Physiology Theme

Topic

Respiratory physiology

Respiratory physiology summary Ventilation Perfusion Gas exchange Lung and chest wall compliance Airway resistance Respiratory regulation Respiratory adaptation

6. Gastrointerstinal Physiology (w/ Accessory Organs) Theme

Topic

Innervation and gut motility

Innervation of the gastrointestinal tract Motility and contractile activity of the gastrointestinal tract

Secretory and regulatory products of the gastrointestinal tract

Secretory and regulatory products of the gastrointestinal tract

Exocrine pancreas Liver Function Gallbladder physiology

24

7. Renal and Acid Base Physiology Theme

Topic

Renal physiology

Physiology of the kidney (summary) Urine production Physiology of the tubular system Renal blood flow Measurement of renal function

Renal physiology

Acid-base disorders

8. Endocrine Physiology Theme

Topic

Endocrine physiology

General endocrine summary Basics of endocrinology Hypothalamus and pituitary gland Hypothalamic-pituitary axis Adrenal cortex Thyroid gland Gonads Endocrine pancreas

25

9. Reproductive Physiology Theme

Topic

Reproductive physiology

Development of the reproductive system summary Overview of sexual differentiation Male sexual response Physiology of the menstrual cycle

10. Blood, lymphoreticular, and immune systems Theme

Topic

Hematologic physiology

Erythrocyte morphology and hemoglobin summary Eryth...