Analytical Chemistry Part 6 Summary PDF

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 DISTILLED WATER DEIONIZED WATER RO WATER ULTRAFILTERED WATER REAGENT GRADE WATER – CLRW/SRW United States Pharmacopeia (USP) and the National Formulary ( NF ).  FOR DRUG MANUFACTURING  Chemicals that are used to manufacture drugs, may be pure enough for use in most chemical procedures Thes...

Description

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DISTILLED WATER DEIONIZED WATER RO WATER ULTRAFILTERED WATER REAGENT GRADE WATER – CLRW/SRW

RO – REVERSE OSMOSIS WATER CLRW – CLINICAL LABORATORY REAGENT WATER OR SRW – SPECIAL REAGENT WATER   

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United States Pharmacopeia (USP) and the National Formulary (NF). FOR DRUG MANUFACTURING Chemicals that are used to manufacture drugs, may be pure enough for use in most chemical procedures These designations indicate that the impurity limitations are not stated and that preparation of these chemicals is not uniform

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is used for commercial and industrial purposes; however, like many others, it is not pure enough to be offered for food, drug, or medicinal use of any kind.

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Distilled water has been purified to remove almost all organic materials, using distillation process in which water is boiled and vaporized Distilled water has been purified to remove almost all organic materials, using distillation process in which water is boiled and vaporized

Deionized water has some or all ions removed, usually done from previously treated water, such as prefiltered or distilled water AKA: TRIPLE DISTILLED WATER Clinical laboratory – bacteriology: water used in media preparation

Reverse osmosis is a process that uses pressure to force water through a semipermeable membrane, producing water that reflects a filtered product of the original water

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is a special type of filtration that uses a semipermeable, thin membrane with pores small enough to pass pure water through while rejecting larger molecules such as dissolved salts (ions) and other impurities such as bacteria

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Produced from the process of ultrafiltration, which removes particulate matter, microorganisms, and any pyrogens or endotoxins

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Reagent grade water can be obtained by initially filtering it to remove particulate matter, followed by reverse osmosis, deionization, and a 0.2 mm filter or more restrictive filtration process. Water used for reagents Many process undergone – in order to become extremely pure

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Concentration – is a general term that expresses the quantity of solute contained in a given amount of solution. (HOW MUCH SOLUTE THERE IS IN A SOLVENT?) Colligative properties – properties of that depend on the ratio of the number of solute particles to the number of in a solution, and not on the nature of the chemical species present  SOLUTE:SOLVENT

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A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances with each substance retaining its own chemical identity

SOLVENT 

A solvent is the component of solution that is present in the greatest amount, the medium in which the other substances present are dissolved

SOLUTE 

III I 

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II

DILUTION 

Type I Water

- Used for test methods requiring minimum interference, such as trace metal, iron and enzyme analyses

Type II Water

- Type II water is used for general laboratory applications and is acceptable for most analytic requirements, including reagent, quality control and standard preparation

Type III Water

- Type III water is acceptable for glassware washing and filling autoclaves, but not for analysis or reagent preparation

A solute is a component of a solution that is present in a lesser amount relative to that of the solvent. Dilution is the process in which more solvent is added to a solution in order to lower its concentration

DILUTE SOLUTION 

A dilute solution is one in which there is relatively little solute or one which has been made to a lower solute concentration per volume of solvent as when making a dilution.

CONCENTRATED SOLUTION 

A concentrated solution has a large quantity of solute in solution

SATURATED SOLUTION 

A saturated solution is a solution in which there is an excess of undissolved solute particles

SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION  

CONCENTRATION

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

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A supersaturated solution has an even greater concentration of undissolved solute particles than a saturated solution of the same substance....