Anatomy Chap 06 8e Bone Tissue-1 PDF

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Practice questions for human anatomy...

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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) In the bone matrix, osteoblasts become A) osteocytes. C) chondrocytes.

1) B) mesenchyme cells. D) osteoclasts.

2) In growing cartilage, the chondroblasts associated with the perichondrium are responsible for A) calcification. B) endochondral growth. C) interstitial growth. D) appositional growth.

2)

3) The only membrane bone that occurs inferior to the skull is the A) femur. B) clavicle. C) rib.

3) D) sternum.

4) The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of cartilage is the A) osteoclast. B) osteocyte. C) chondroblast.

D) osteoblast.

4)

5) Cartilage repairs slowly after adolescence because A) collagen synthesis ceases. B) chondrocytes no longer are able to divide. C) the perichondrium thickens, preventing diffusion of gasses and nutrients. D) the cartilage matrix becomes mineralized.

5)

6) The benefits of weight-bearing exercise include stronger muscles A) but bones of the same strength. B) and stronger compact bone, but weaker spongy bone. C) but weaker bones. D) and stronger bones.

6)

7) Which factor will decrease the rate of bone resorption? A) long zero -gravity exposure B) inadequate vitamin D intake C) prolonged bed rest D) mechanical stress

7)

8) Which type of fracture tends to occur where cartilage cells are dying and the matrix is calcifying? A) spiral B) comminuted C) epiphyseal D) greenstick

8)

9) Which of these diseases is characterized by a pathological loss of bone density? A) osteomalacia and rickets B) osteomyelitis C) osteoporosis D) achondroplasia E) Paget's disease

9)

10) In which type of fracture does the bone fragment into three or more pieces? A) spiral B) epiphyseal C) comminuted

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10) D) greenstick

11) Which of these diseases, if untreated could lead to excessively long epiphyses and bowed legs in children? A) osteomalacia and rickets B) osteomyelitis C) osteoporosis D) achondroplasia E) Paget's disease

11)

Figure 6.2 Use the diagram above to answer the following questions. 12) Which letter indicates the space where microscopic blood vessels and nerves pass through the center of the osteon? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

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12)

Figure 6.1 Use the diagram above to answer the following questions. 13) Which letter indicates the region of a long bone that in an adult is filled with yellow bone marrow? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

13)

14) Which skeletal disorder is more common in older persons and has an abnormally high ratio of immature woven bone to mature compact bone? A) osteomalacia and rickets B) osteomyelitis C) osteoporosis D) achondroplasia E) Paget's disease

14)

15) The process of bone growth is regulated by several hormones throughout the lifetime of an individual. The hormone most influential in skeletal growth prior to adolescence is secreted from the A) adrenal gland. B) pituitary gland. C) pancreas. D) parathyroid gland.

15)

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16) Which bone cell type secretes hydrochloric acid? A) osteoblast C) osteoclast

16) B) osteocyte D) osteoprogenitor

Figure 6.2 Use the diagram above to answer the following questions. 17) Which letter indicates bone that is not arranged in osteons and is called spongy or trabecular bone? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

17)

18) The universal loss of skeletal mass that begins after age 40 A) is slower in women than in men. B) is due to increased blood flow to bones as individuals age. C) is absolutely uniform throughout the skeleton. D) reflects an imbalance in the bone -remodeling process.

18)

19) Which statement about growth of long bones is false ? A) The epiphyses are pushed further from the center of the diaphysis. B) The bone cannot grow longer once the epiphyseal plates are ossified. C) The diaphysis becomes progressively thinner as the bone lengthens. D) The epiphyseal plates remain a constant thickness during growth.

19)

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Figure 6.1 Use the diagram above to answer the following questions. 20) Which letter indicates the region of a long bone that contains the medullary cavity? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

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20)

Figure 6.2 Use the diagram above to answer the following questions. 21) Which letter indicates the collagen fibers of the periosteum known as the perforating, or Sharpey's, fibers? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

21)

22) Which of the following statements about woven bone is false ? A) It is the same as spongy bone of adults. B) As fetal development progresses, it is replaced by compact bone at the periphery. C) It contains no trabeculae. D) It is characteristic of the development of embryonic flat bones.

22)

23) Which of the following is the correct progression in the healing of a skeletal fracture? A) hematoma, fibrocartilage callus, bony callus, bone remodeling B) fibrocartilage callus, bone remodeling, bony callus, hematoma C) hematoma, bony callus, bone remodeling, fibrocartilage callus D) bone remodeling, bony callus, hematoma, fibrocartilage callus

23)

24) The type of cartilage that forms the costal cartilages at the ends of the ribs is A) fibrocartilage. B) hyaline cartilage. C) elastic cartilage. D) calcified cartilage.

24)

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25) The kneecap, or patella, is an example of A) an irregular bone. C) a flat bone.

25) B) calcified cartilage. D) a sesamoid bone.

26) Muscles are not likely to tear from their bones because A) the tendons are partially ossified at their attachment points to the periosteum. B) elastin fibers in the tendon can allow for stretching and recoil of the muscle. C) perforating fibers of collagen attach the tendons and periosteum to the cortical surfaces of bone. D) a circumferential lamella sandwiches the ends of the tendon onto the surface of an adjacent lamella.

26)

27) What skeletal disease results from a bacterial infection of the bone and bone marrow? A) osteomalacia and rickets B) osteomyelitis C) osteoporosis D) achondroplasia E) Paget's disease

27)

28) In an open reduction to repair a broken bone, A) the ends must have chips placed between them to bridge the gap. B) the ends are joined by pins or wires. C) the ends are repositioned by physician's hands. D) the ends are close enough to allow them to heal together on their own.

28)

29) Which disease of the skeletal system is often associated with decreasing levels of estrogen, but may also result from inadequate weight-bearing exercise and nutritional deficiencies of calcium, vitamin D and protein? A) osteomalacia and rickets B) osteomyelitis C) osteoporosis D) achondroplasia E) Paget's disease

29)

30) What disease might result from a compound fracture of a bone? A) osteomalacia and rickets B) osteomyelitis C) osteoporosis D) achondroplasia E) Paget's disease

30)

31) The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the A) chondroblast. B) osteoclast. C) osteoblast. 32) The type of cartilage that comprises the epiglottis is A) elastic cartilage. B) fibrocartilage. C) calcified cartilage. D) hyaline cartilage.

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31) D) chondrocyte. 32)

33) If a bone located in a limb is longer than it is wide, that bone is a(n) ________ bone. A) flat B) short C) long D) irregular

33)

34) Which letter indicates lamellae located outside the lamellae belonging to the osteon? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

34)

35) Which of these results from a genetic mutation that leads to premature endochondral ossification before adult height can be reached? A) osteomalacia and rickets B) osteomyelitis C) osteoporosis D) achondroplasia E) Paget's disease

35)

36) An osteon is composed of A) a cell body and a long, threadlike extension. B) layers of bone lamellae surrounding a central canal. C) cartilage. D) interstitial lamellae.

36)

37) Most bone disorders are characterized by bone loss; which of these diseases is characterized by excessive bone deposition? A) osteomalacia and rickets B) osteomyelitis C) osteoporosis D) achondroplasia E) Paget's disease

37)

38) Osteoid is A) the organic part of bone matrix prior to mineralization. B) the mineral part of the bone matrix. C) secreted by osteocytes. D) the entire extracellular matrix of bone.

38)

39) A long bone is able to withstand extreme torsion or twisting stresses because A) the bone is spongelike with many hollow spaces, such as the central and epiphyseal marrow cavities. B) the internal and external surfaces are both covered in irregular connective tissue fibers. C) within each osteon the collagen fibers and mineral crystals in adjacent lamellae are aligned in opposite directions. D) the trabeculae of spongy bone are aligned along stress trajectories.

39)

40) A large, multinucleate cell with a ruffled border is an A) adipocyte. B) osteoclast. C) osteoblast.

40) D) osteocyte.

41) Rickets most often results from a deficiency of vitamin A) A. B) B. C) C.

D) D.

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41)

42) Which of these diseases can be treated by administering calcitonin and calcium supplements increased weight-bearing exercise and osteoclast-inhibiting drugs? A) osteomalacia and rickets B) osteomyelitis C) osteoporosis D) achondroplasia E) Paget's disease

42)

43) The cartilage of the epiphyseal plates is organized into zones based upon the unique processes occurring in each of these regions. Identify the correct sequence of these processes, from the epiphyseal end toward the diaphysis. A) ossification – calcification – hypertrophy – growth – resting B) resting – hypertrophy – growth – calcification – ossification C) calcification – hypertrophy – growth – resting – ossification D) hypertrophy – growth – resting – calcification – ossification

43)

44) Within a long bone of the skeleton, the circumferential lamellae are located in the A) marrow cavity. B) external and internal regions of compact bone. C) trabeculae. D) osteons.

44)

45) Which of these is a congenital condition primarily affecting long bones? A) osteomalacia and rickets B) osteomyelitis C) osteoporosis D) achondroplasia E) Paget's disease

45)

46) In the repair of a simple fracture, the step that follows formation of a hematoma is A) bone remodeling. B) formation of fibrocartilaginous callus. C) inflammation. D) formation of a bony callus.

46)

47) A disease that is characterized by excessive and abnormal remodeling of bone tissue and affects 3% of the elderly is A) osteomyelitis. B) Paget's disease. C) osteosarcoma. D) osteomalacia.

47)

48) The type of cartilage that forms the long bones of the embryonic skeleton is A) calcified cartilage. B) elastic cartilage. C) fibrocartilage. D) hyaline cartilage.

48)

49) The primary center of ossification A) is in the epiphysis. B) is in membrane bones but not in endochondral bones. C) is in the diaphysis. D) occurs in the 4-week embryo.

49)

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50) Which of these skeletal disorders is characterized in the later stages by excessive rates of bone deposition, where medullary cavities may fill with bony matrix? A) osteomalacia and rickets B) osteomyelitis C) osteoporosis D) achondroplasia E) Paget's disease

50)

Figure 6.1 Use the diagram above to answer the following questions. 51) Which letter indicates the region known as the epiphysis? A) A B) B C) C

51) D) D

52) Which of the following is not present in the central canals of osteons? A) endosteum B) blood vessels C) nerves

E) E 52) D) osteocytes

53) If a bone is thin, flattened, and somewhat curved, that bone is a(n) ________ bone. A) flat B) short C) irregular D) long

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53)

54) In an adult, the perichondrium A) acts like a girdle to prevent matrix extrusion when cartilage is compressed. B) produces new chondrocytes. C) binds the cartilage to adjacent bones. D) inhibits growth and repair of cartilage.

54)

55) The continual process of bone resorption is under the control of the A) adrenal gland. B) parathyroid gland. C) pancreas. D) pituitary gland.

55)

56) A hormone that increases the bone -degrading activity of osteoclasts is A) thyroid hormone. B) an androgen (male sex hormone). C) an estrogen (female sex hormone). D) parathyroid hormone.

56)

57) The type of cartilage that can withstand the strongest compression and tension forces is A) elastic cartilage. B) fibrocartilage. C) calcified cartilage. D) hyaline cartilage.

57)

58) Which of the following is not a function of the bony skeleton? A) storage of parathyroid hormone B) transmission of muscular forces by acting as levers C) support and protection D) production of blood cells

58)

59) Which of these diseases is more prevalent in children, and was exceedingly common in the United States and other industrialized nations before vitamin D was added to milk? A) rickets B) osteomyelitis C) osteoporosis D) achondroplasia E) Paget's disease

59)

60) Which of these is a skeletal disorder resulting from mutations in a gene that leads to the most common form of dwarfism? A) osteomalacia and rickets B) osteomyelitis C) osteoporosis D) achondroplasia E) Paget's disease

60)

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Figure 6.2 Use the diagram above to answer the following questions. 61) Which letter indicates the perforating, or Volkmann's canals which lie at right angles to central canals? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

61)

62) Repair of a simple fracture begins with A) granulation tissue formation. B) inflammation and hematoma formation. C) calcification of dense connective tissue. D) hyaline cartilage deposition.

62)

63) Bones in the wrists and ankles are A) short bones. C) long bones.

B) irregular bones. D) flat bones.

63)

64) Blood vessels to the diaphysis move through the A) foramen magnum. C) nutrient foramen.

B) epiphyseal plate. D) articular cartilage.

64)

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65) An incomplete, splintery fracture that occurs in the flexible bones of children is a(n) ________ fracture. A) comminuted B) greenstick C) depressed D) epiphyseal

65)

66) Which of these would be characterized as a skeletal disorder resulting in weakened bones due to inadequate mineralization? A) osteomalacia and rickets B) osteomyelitis C) osteoporosis D) achondroplasia E) Paget's disease

66)

Figure 6.2 Use the diagram above to answer the following questions. 67) Which letter indicates the circumferential lamellae? A) A B) B C) C

67) D) D

E) E

68) Which hormone is primarily responsible for bone matrix resorption rather than bone matrix deposition during puberty? A) sex hormones B) thyroid hormone C) growth hormone D) parathyroid hormone

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68)

69) Osteoblasts probably originate directly from A) osteoblasts. C) blood stem cells.

69) B) mesenchyme cells. D) osteocytes.

Figure 6.1 Use the diagram above to answer the following questions. 70) Which letter indicates what is known, in a growing juvenile, as the epiphyseal plate? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

70)

71) What type of tissue is the embryonic precursor for long bones in the fetal skeleton? A) fibrocartilage B) hyaline cartilage C) elastic connective tissue D) dense connective tissue proper

71)

72) Which term applies to a number of disorders in adults in which the bones are inadequately mineralized? A) Paget's disease B) rickets C) osteosarcoma D) osteomalacia

72)

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73) A long bone that is fractured midshaft has damaged the A) meniscus. B) diaphysis. C) epiphysis. D) articular cartilage.

73)

Figure 6.1 Use the diagram above to answer the following questions. 74) Which letter indicates the region of the long bone comprised of a network of trabecular plates? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

74)

75) Which of the following statements about a long bone is false ? A) It must be more than 5 inches in length. B) It has a diaphysis. C) It has two distinct ends. D) It is longer than it is wide.

75)

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 76) ________ is a condition in children that was more common early in the nineteenth century, before vitamin D was added to milk in most developed countries.

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76)

77) The two primary minerals stored in bone are ________ and ________.

77)

78) Treatment of osteoporosis with vitamin D, calcium, and weight-bearing exercise is helpful and not controversial. Treatment that includes ________ is controversial because it may lead to increased risk of heart attack, stroke and breast cancer.

78)

79) A bone graft often uses a piece of the ________ that is placed where bone has been damaged or removed.

79)

80) The ________ delivers osteoblasts and osteoclasts to the primary center of ossification.

80)

81) A blow to the head results in a portion of the broken bone pressed inward; this type of fracture is known as ________.

81)

82) ________ is the term for pain in a bone, typical after bone grafting or bone removal.

82)

83) ________ canals lie perpendicular to the central, or Haversian, canals.

83)

84) A(n) ________ is common in older persons and is a projection on a bone due to abnormal bone overgrowth.

84)

85) This disease is characterized by excessive rates of bone deposition and bone resorption.

85)

86) Bundles of collagen that attach the periosteum to bone are called ________.

86)

87) The joint surface of each epiphysis is covered with a thin layer of hyaline cartilage called the ________.

87)

88) You might expect the epiphyseal plate to close between ages ________ years.

88)

89) In ________ growth, cartilage-forming cells from the perichondrium produce new cartilage tissue by actively secreting matrix.

89)

90) ________ is characterized by an increased prevalence in teens and young adults with pain in long bones of the extremities. If untreated, metastasis to the lungs is common.

90)

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 91) Osteocytes, residing within lacunae, are connected via canaliculi.

91)

92) Circumferential lamellae occur around the entire outer and inner surfaces of compact bone, and they are considered remnants of old osteons that have been disrupted by bone remodeling.

92)

93) Membrane bones form directly from mesenchyme without being modeled in cartilage.

93)

94) Examples of flat bones include the ribs, sternum, the bones of the head surrounding the brain case, and the scapula.<...