ANG E campus Lesson 1 PDF

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Lesson 1 : Present perfect The Simple Past versus the Present Perfect When to use the present perfect as opposed to the preterit, and with what temporal prepositions (since, for)

The simple past is used for events that started and finished in the past. Consider this line from the song.! !

!

“All died when you went away”!

The present perfect on the other hand expresses a link between the past and the present. Look at these lines from the song:! “It's been seven hours and fifteen days since you took your love away” ! Here the present perfect is used because the person went away and is still gone, and there is even a possibility that the person could come back." There is a link between what happened in the past and the situation today. Remember: the present perfect is formed by

have/has + past participle!

The Simple Past and Present Perfect The preterite Is a grammatical tense or verb form serving to denote events that took place or were completed in the past. ! In general, it combines the perfective aspect (event viewed as a single whole; it is not to be confused with the similarly named perfect) with the past tense, and may thus also be termed the perfective past. ! In English it can be used to refer to the simple past verb form.! In French, the preterite is known as le passé simple (the simple past).! The majority of English's preterites (often called simple past or just past tense) are formed by

adding -ed or -d to the verb's plain form! # !

! !

For example: He planted corn and oats. ! They studied grammar.

Some English verbs do not take an -ed or -d in the simple past form. These verbs have an irregular verb ending.! For example: She went to the cinema. I ate breakfast late this morning.

The Present Perfect! The present perfect is a grammatical combination of the present tense and the perfect aspect that is used to express a past event that has present consequences. The forms are present because they use the present tense of the auxiliary verb have, and perfect because they use that auxiliary in combination with the past participle of the main verb.! In modern English, the auxiliary verb for forming the present perfect is always to have. A typical present perfect clause thus consists of the subject, the auxiliary have/has, and the past participle (third form) of main verb.! Examples: I have done the laundry for the week.

Form of the Present Perfect:! Subject + have/ had + past participle.! Uses:! 1) Actions started in the past and continuing in the present:!!" ! We have lived in Sapporo for eleven years. • 2) When the time period referred to has not finished: It has rained a lot this year. • 3) Actions repeated in an unspecified period between the past and now: We have eaten at that restaurant many times. • 4) Actions completed in the very recent past (+just): Have you just finished work? • 5) When the precise time of the action is not important or not known: She has studied Japanese, Russian and English. •

Grammar Review: The Present Perfect In some other languages there are verb forms which are constructed like the English present perfect (compare English I have worked with French j'ai travaillé). Note that the English present perfect is used rather differently from most of these.!

The present perfect is formed as follows: have/has+past participle We use the present perfect in several situations: A. To say that a finished action or event is connected with the present in some way. We are thinking about the past and the present at the same time. eg. I can't go on holiday because I have broken my leg. The present perfect is often used to express the idea of completion. eg. At last! I've finished! We do not use the present perfect if we are not thinking about the present.! B. We normally use the present perfect to announce news of recent events. eg. Andy has won a big prize! After announcing the news, we usually use the simple past to give more details. eg. Andy has won a big prize! He celebrated with his friends and family. C. When we talk about finished events with words that mean 'at some/any time up to now' (like ever, before, never, recently, lately, already), we normally use the present perfect. eg. Have you ever seen a ghost? We haven't seen Mike recently. D. Repetition. We can use the present perfect to say that something has happened several times up to the present. eg. I've seen Star Wars six times. Adverbs of frequency like often, sometimes, occasionally are common with the present perfect. eg. How often have you run the marathon? E. Continuation up to now. To talk about actions and situations that have continued up to the present, both the simple present perfect and the present perfect progressive are possible(depending on the type of verb and the exact meaning). eg. I've known her for years. I've been thinking about you all day.

Other Perfect forms (For C Level) PAST PERFECT Not always necessary Past Perfect emphasises that we are talking about a period before a time in the past. If the time sequence is clear (e.g. because we use after), both Past Simple and Past Perfect are possible. At other times Past Perfect is essential to understanding the sequence, and we often add already, as soon as, or until: I got to work after Simon arrived / had arrived. When I arrived, they'd already started. (— they started before I arrived) ""When I arrived, they started. (= I arrived before they started)! With definite time: Unlike Present Perfect, we can use Past Perfect with a definite time reference:! " I arrived at nine o'clock but he had got there at eight. With before: There is one exception to the time sequence rules on Past Perfect. When we use before, the verb in Past Simple can refer to something that takes place before the verb in Past Perfect. The first action may prevent the second from happening:! " The waiter took my plate away before I'd finished eating. Unfulfilled plans: We use Past Perfect with report verbs and with hope, intend, expect, etc. to talk about plans that have not yet been fulfilled. Had is usually stressed in speech with this use:! I had hoped to talk to him but he was too busy to listen. I had thought of phoning him but decided against it. FUTURE PERFECT with 'by' We can often use Future Perfect with the preposition by or the phrase by the time meaning 'at some point before the time mentioned or indicated':! It's taking her so long to write that book that by the time she's finished it people will have forgotten the incident it's based on. Predicting We can also use will have done to say what we think has probably happened:! There's no point phoning: they'll have gone out. "I should have finished making this cake by the time Sue comes home. (= I think I will have, but I'm not sure.) USES OF PERFECT INFINITIVES We use Perfect infinitives: • """"after link verbs like seem and appear to refer to a previous time period (an ordinary to-infinitive will usually refer to the present or future):! There seems to have been some sort of mistake. • """"after phrases expressing emotions and feelings: I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.! She was felt not to have met the standards required. PERFECT -ING FORMS When talking about results and time, we can use a Perfect -ing form to emphasise that one thing happens before another:! I didn't remember having met her before. Having finally grasped what I meant, he got down to work....