Anth 204 Midterm study guide PDF

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Anth 204 Midterm study guide Anthropology is  the study of humankind everywhere, throughout time. The belief that one's own culture is superior to another is called  ethnocentrism. Which of the following is not one of the four branches of anthropology?  Biology They are: Physical anthropology Archaeology Cultural Anthropology Linguistics Humans' major mode of adaptation, which enables them to live effectively in diverse environments, is  culture The process by which culture is transmitted from one generation to the next is called  enculturation A set of cultural ideas held by a group that collectively and publicly identifies itself as distinct based on shared features is called  ethnicity Infrastructure can be best described as a society's  subsistence system. What is the primary purpose of practicing applied anthropology?  It allows the use of anthropological knowledge to solve practical problems. Culture is an integrated and interrelated whole, which means that  if you alter one aspect of a culture, you can drastically affect and possibly even endanger the functioning of the whole. Laura Nader has called on anthropologists to "study up." What does she mean by this term?

 Anthropologists should study the elites of a society and not only the common people. Ruth Benedict was able to develop "culture-at-a-distance" studies without changing anthropology's methodology.  False When anthropologists go to the places that they study in order to experience the culture firsthand, it is called  fieldwork The members of a society who work most closely with the anthropologist to provide an understanding of cultural phenomena are called  key consultants. The Nacirema believe that parents bewitch their children.  True Nacirema undergo rituals at a special temple called a(n)  Latipso

Those who study the course of early human evolutionary history are called  paleoanthropologists. Which of the following is not a primate?  Black bears Which of the following sensory capacities is not typically associated with primates?  Development of broad, grasping claws Among bonobos, which of the following does not usually determine an individual's social rank?  Number of surviving offspring Molecular evidence indicates that the division between humans and African apes took place  5-8 million years ago. For human development, which came first?  Bipedalism

Which consequence is not characteristic of bipedalism?  Was able to run faster and more efficiently than quadrupeds Evolutionary medicine bases its prescriptions on the idea that  rates of cultural change exceed rates of biological change. Which of the following species was the first to migrate out of Africa?  Homo erectus

What is the "Neanderthal controversy"?  An argument about the genetic relationship between Neanderthal and anatomically modern humans The process organisms undergo to achieve a beneficial adjustment to a particular environment, which not only leads to biological changes in the organisms but also impacts their environment, is called  adaptation Among the Tsembaga of Papua New Guinea, there is a relationship between the physical and social environments that involves ritual slaughter in order to re-establish harmony. What animal is slaughtered to reduce pressure on the local environments?  Pigs A system composed of both the natural environment and all living organisms within it is called a(n)  ecosystem The oldest and most universal mode of subsistence is  food foraging All of the following statements except one correctly describe food-foraging societies. Which is it?  They are primitive because they did not progress to a higher level. The right ones: -They are not very aggressive or warlike. -They are egalitarian.

-They are small nomadic groups living within a fixed territory. -They live in marginal areas of the world today. Mass food production is a characteristic of which type of system?  Industrial Peasants typically have too little land to break the cycle of poverty.  True Plows are a particular tool associated with agricultural societies.  True The development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by people whose ancestral cultures were already rather alike is called  parallel evolution.

In anthropology, geographic regions where a number of societies have similar ways of life are known as  culture areas. The average number of people in a food-foraging group is  less than 100. If a group is well adapted to its environment, it will never change as long as conditions remain the same.  False An anthropologist would probably find it difficult to define what "progress" is.  True The existence of the nation of Kiribati is threatened by:  sea-level rise. The government of Kiribati is thinking about buying land and relocating its citizens to which Pacific island country?  Fiji Who is the president of Kiribati?  Anote Tong

Kiribati is a United Nations member state that is made up of 22 islands.  False What is likely the most immediate threat to the existence of Kiribati?  more violent storms due to climate change Over 100,000 citizens in Kiribati may soon become refugees because of the effects of  global warming. The Government of Kiribati is buying land in____________ so it can_____________ for its citizens when sea-level rise makes Kiribati uninhabitable.  Fiji; provide a new home Which is the best example of structural violence?  Women in Haiti are more likely to contract HIV. Structural violence is more difficult than other forms of violence to understand and explain because ____________________.  it is conditioned by impersonal historical and economic forces.

Which is not an important dimension to consider to understand structural violence in the cases presented by Paul Farmer?  personal responsibility for actions Structural violence is a concept that helps us understand extreme human suffering.  True

Which of the following statements is not correct?  Culture is biologically inherited All of the following statements about the naming ceremony are true except:  all cultures have some ceremony to mark the naming of a child. True Statements: -naming creates social identity. -personal names create a sense of individual identity. -names express multiple aspects of the group identity as well.

Navajo babies begin to learn the importance of community at the  First Laugh Ceremony. Which of the following includes definitions and explanations of objects, spatial orientation, and temporal orientation, as well as culturally defined values, ideals, and standards that provide an individual with a normative orientation?  Behavioral environment _____ is the distinctive way a person thinks, feels, and behaves.  Personality In studying three societies in New Guinea, Margaret Mead found that the roles played by men and women were determined primarily by  culture. In traditional Ju/'hoansi society, fathers and mothers alike show great indulgence to children. A result of this indulgence is that the children  do not fear or respect men more than they do women. Childrearing practices that encourage compliance in performing tasks and dependence upon the group rather than on the individual is called  dependence training.

A society with extensive types of childcare, a desire to make the individual feel socially attached and generally free of stranger anxiety, and with high levels of sharing and social involvement would most likely have what type of training or children?  Interdependence Which of the following refers to the idea that character traits that occur with the most frequency in a cultural society are representative of the values that culture embraces?  Modal personality Human sexual evolution has tended toward all of the following except  one stable form of sexual behavior. American children are among the earliest to develop a concept of self because of the high level of social stimulation they receive.

 False What do we call a system in which goods are produced, distributed, and consumed?  Economic When a man works hard in his garden in the Trobriand Islands to produce yams, he does this to satisfy which of the following demands?  To gain prestige by giving yams away to his sister's husbands In most societies, the basic unit of the cooperation is the  household. When an Australian hunter gives away most of his meat to relatives without specifying what is expected in return, he is exemplifying  generalized reciprocity. The Kula ring functions to do all of the following except:  accumulate wealth in the hands of an upper-class elite. The U.S. system of paying income taxes every April is an example of  redistribution. Something used to make payments for other goods and services as well as to measure their value is called  money. Raw materials, labor, and technology are the productive resources used by all societies.  True Food producers have less craft specialization than food foragers.  False The Kula ring is a form of barter in which no actual trade takes place.  True The use of money for exchange has been traced back as far as 5,000 years ago in Mesopotamia.  True

Anthropologists have found that gifts are spontaneous expressions of love and friendship.  False Which is not a cultural rule of gift giving?  Gifts must be freely given without expectation of personal gain. True Statements: -Gifts must be the right type. -Gifts must be given to the right people. Correct! -Gifts must be reciprocated. -Gifts must be given in the right way....