Anthro 105 PDF

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Principles Of Biological Anthropology...

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Timeline stuff First primates  Plesiadapiforms : PRO-PRIMATES o Capolestes 58 mya  Primate like bc grasping hands and feet + nails on big toe  Angiosperm hypothesis  Eocene Euprimates: 34-56 mya → EU primates TRU primates  Had characteristics of primates: grasping hands and feet, generalized dentition, enhanced vision, big brains  Two types: Adapids and Omomyids  Adapids → strepsirhines = ancestor  Lemur like → olfaction  Omomyids → haplorhines = ancestor  Tarsier like → vision  First haplorhine = archicebus (55 mya)  First Anthropoid  Eosimias-- 42 mya  China , monkey like teeth and heel  Types of Oligocene Anthropoids 29-37 mya  Parapithecids  NW monkeys (2-1-3-3)  Postorbital closure  Arboreal  Fruit and insect diet  Size of a squirrel monkey  Oligopithecids  Similar to parapithecids  OW monkey (2-1-2-3)  SEXUAL DIMORPHISM  Propliopithecids  OW dentition  SEXUAL dimorphism  Aegyptopithecus 30 mya  OW monkey like, not very ape like  Oligocene = OW monkey diversity  Miocene = first apes?  APES  Y-5 molars  Bigger brain  Fruit eating teeth  Uneven limb length  No tail  TYPES OF APES 17-22 mya  Proconsulids (african) 17-22 mya  Varied in size, ecological niche  All diurnal  Sexually dimorphic, small brained  Monkey/ ape like  No tail  Dryopithecid (european) 9-17 mya  Y-5 teeth (like proconsulid)

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 Larger brains  First “full ape”  Extincition due to miocene cooling  Sivapithecids 8-12 mya  Proconsulid/monkey like body and locomotion  Thick molar enamel  Orangutan shape skull  Other african ape ancestors  Chororapithecus 6-10 mya  Most recent: Oreopithecus 9 mya Hominins 8-10 mya  Sahelanthropus ~6 mya (had 1 and a bit/ 7)  Hominin like: bipedal  Ape like: skull shape and brain (~350 cc)  Transition: small(ish) non-honing (ish) canines  o Orrorin (6 mya) – Africa (Orrorin means “original man”)  Hominin-like  Bipedal (some)  Smaller teeth than apes  Thicker enamel  Ape-like  Arboreal arms (tree climbing – main)  Honing canines  Ardipithecus 4-6 mya  Kadabba  Arboreal: arm and hand bones  Bipedal: broad, robust, bipedal toes  Ramidus -- (had 1 and 2/7)  Arboreal: grasping hands and feet, long curved fingers  Bipedal: short and stout ilium, femur at bicondylar angle  Teeth: hominin diet-- small canines, non honing, apical wearing, thick enamel  Ape like: tree climber, brain size  Hominin like: bipedal, diet and dentition  Early Australopithecines 2-4 mya  Anamensis (2/7)  Bipedal: weight bearing  Dentition: non-honing, apical wearing, U shaped, huge molars, thick enamel  Woodland ecological niche  Afarensis 3-3.6 mya (2/7)  Lucy (3.2 mya) and Dikika Child (3.3 mya)  Dikka = hyoid bone  Bipedal  Longer arms than legs (gorilla like shoulder)  Upper limbs = arboreal  Skull: ape like  Broad skull/cranial base  Prognathic face  Dentition: hominin like  Parabolic

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 Megadontia  Smaller canines  Less sexually dimorphic canines  Sexual dimorphic: males larger  Earliest stone tools ever found Late Australopithecines (2-3 mya)  Garhi 2.5 mya (3/7)  Ape like cranial skeleton (prognathic face, sagittal crest)  Australopithecine-like large premolars and molars, broad canines  Human like legs (first time legs longer than arms)  Oldowan stone tools: hammerstones, flakes, cores  Aethiopicus 2.5 mya  Ethiopia and kenya  Robust cranial features  Brain size = 410 cc  Boisei 1.2-2.3 mya  Robust  510 cc brain  Africanus 2-3 mya  Gracile  Large premolars and molars  Sexual dimorphism  Robustus 1.5-2 mya  ROBUST  Sagittal crest  Wide zygomatic arches  Extreme megadontia  460 cc brain  Sediba 2 mya  Mosaic of traits  Transitioning towards homo  Homo like: pelvis, hands (extensive tool use→ doesnt require big brains), small teeth, gracile  Ape like: long arms, small brain (420 cc) Arrival of homo  Habilis 1.8-2.5 mya  Handy man (5/7, limited speech tho)  Bigger brain, better tools, smaller face, smaller teeth, tool use  Australopithecine like body  Brain 775 cc  Erectus 0.3-1.8 mya (67)  Global species  Walked like us  5-6 ft  Used fire  Large brow ridge: chewing not grinding  Variability with skull, brain size, brow ridge  TAKE AWAYS: Globalization and similarities & diversity  China: Peking man

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 Indonesia: Java  Europe: gran dolina  Five main traits between habilis and erectus  Human postcranial skeleton  Even bigger brain (650-1000 cc)  More sophisticated tool use  Hunting and fire use  Large brow ridge  Hunter gatherers 1.8 mya Homo sapiens 0.5 mya (7/7)  Early/archaic 500,000 ya  Homo-erectus like  Similarities: football shaped skull, large brow ridge, large face, sunken chin  Differences: from 1000-1400 cc (brain), smaller teeth, increased material culture  Homo heidelbergensis 0.5 mya  Erectus like: large brow ridge, sunken chin  Sapien like: large brain, flat face  Neandertal like: wide and short bodies (cold adapted)  Archaic Homo sapien (in africa)  Brow ridge, but modern human brain size  Modern humans in africa 160,000 ya  Neandertals 30,000-100,000 ya  Cold adapted  Modern humans  Mosaic of traits  Differences between archaic  Basketball brain, big forehead, reduced brow ridge, small face, projecting chin, gracile postcranial skeleton  Gradual loss of robusticity  Modern human v. neandertal  Differences: 

Modern

Neandertal

Basketball

football

Small brow ridge

Large brow ridge

Large forehead

Small forehead

Prominent chin

Sunken chin Cold adapted 

Neanderthal extinction o Competition hypothesis

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o Interbreeding hypothesis Modern humans globally 50,000 ya  Australian migration 40,000 ya

Concept stuff: Why did primates emerge? 3 hypotheses  Arboreal: adaptions to life in trees  Angiosperm: fruit eating in the trees  Visual predation: hunting in the trees Seven big steps 1. Bipedalism 6 mya → sahelanthropus 2. Non-honing canines 5.5 mya → ardipithecus 3. Making tools 2.5 mya → A. garhi 4. Speech 2.5 mya → Homo habilis 5. Big brains 2.5 mya → homo habilis 6. Cooperative hunting 1 mya → homo erectus 7. Agriculture 10,000 ya → homo sapien Why did we evolve?  Patchy forest hypothesis o Early hominins lived in patchy forests  Provisioning hypothesis → WRONG BITCH o Rearing offspring is energetically expensive o Humans are good at it o Hominins were forming LTRs (long term relationhipzzz) o Males provided for females Mousterian tools (40,000 - 60,000 ya)  The levallois technique  Hand axes and spears  Used by archaic and modern humans  Carrying food Bipedal anatomy  Bipedal anatomy o Pelvis  Quadrupeds  Tall and thin ilium  Ilium directly toward back  Bipeds  Short and stout ilium  Ilium flattened and rotated to side  Bowl shape  Skull  Foramen magnum position  Spine  C-shaped in quadrupeds  Femur: length and long neck  Knee: bicondylar angle  Foot: toes and arch Tool making timeline  Homo habilis 1.8-2.5 mya → first discovery of tools  Australopithecus afarensis 3.5 mya → first tool USE with skeletal remains

 Australopithecus garhi 2.5 mya → first tool MAKING with skeletal remains Scavenging versus hunting  Evidence o Scavenging: tools over tooth (hominin there second) o Hunting: tooth over tools (hominin there first) o There is evidence for both, but hunting could be more opportunistic  Scavenging support o Too small o No weapons o Small brains (relatively) o Bone types (not prime) o Bone marrow o Sequence of cut marks Tools  Mousterian: 40,000-600,000 ya o WHO? Archaic modern humans and neandertals o WHAT? Hand axes and spears  Middle stone age tools: 40,000-250,000 ya o WHO? Archaic modern humans and modern humans o WHAT? Blade technology, throwing sticks and spears, heat-treated stone o THERE’S MORE???  Engravings (material culture with modern humans) Hunter gatherer society  Men: hunt → boom or bust, produce most during middle age  Women: gather (some hunting) → stable, produce most post-menopause  Long juvenile period  Reduced sexual dimorphism → MONOGAMY! o Competition via male provisioning as opposed to direct male-male aggression Agriculture- 10,000 ya  The systematic domestication of plants and animals as primary food sources  Why this time? → emergence out of last ice, warmer and more stable climate  Fertile crescent o Food: wheat, barley, lentils, chickpeas, etc o Animals: who had good yield and who had good temperment (goats, sheep, pigs, cattle)  Natufians→ first famers o Transitioned towards more sedentary lifestyle (settlements of ~300 people)  Catalhoyuk = first TOWN o Ate wheat, barley, chickpeas, lentils o Domesticated sheep and goats o Cooked using pottery o Hunted wild deet, boar, cattle, fish o Disease = big problem o Overcrowding = big problem  More competitive  Warfare  Medical care?  Witch-craft?  Pros and cons

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Pros: stable food supply, more energy, more offspring (also a negative) Cons: lead to malnutrition, stunted growth, susceptible to pathogen, a more sedentary lifestyle (thinner and weaker bones), tooth decay and other dental defects...