Anthro CRQ - study document of critical reading questions PDF

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Lab 1 What are the two fundamental ideas in anthro? -context and holistic/comparative approach What field of anthropology users a wide range of data about living and past organisms to study human evolution? -biological anthro What is the biocultural approach in biological anthropology? -recognizes interconnectedness of human biology and culture Which subfield of biological anthropology uses the fossil record to examine the anatomy and behavior of our relatives in the past? -paleoanthropology Which subfield of biological anthropology applies methods of skeletal analysis to study humans in a legal context? -forensic anthropology During which stage of the scientific method is the hypothesis evaluated? -interpretation In the context of the scientific method, what is hypothesis? How is it different from a scientific theory? -researchers observations...testable explanations of those observations Lab 2 What is the difference between prokaryote and eukaryote? -pro=no nucleus, eu=nucleus Which of the following cell parts produces energy for the cell and has its own DNA? -mitochondria What two members of a homologous chromosome pair have in common? -similar lengths, one chromosome from each of organisms parents Following the rules of base, DNA with adenine? -thymine

Following rules of base RNA with adenine? -uracil Versions of same genes=alleles Mitosis occurs in which type of cell? Somatic Meiosis occurs in which type of cell? Gametes Genetic info that moves from nucleus to cytoplasm during protein synthesis? -mRNA During protein synthesis, the amino acids are transported by: -tRA

Lab 3 Name two pea plant traits studied by Gregor Mendal? -flower color, pea color, and height Define genotype -genetic material/alleles an organism carries Define Phenotype -physical expression of a trait/genotype Why would a pea plant that is heterozygous for plant height have the dominant phenotype? -recessive alleles are masked by dominant ??? A pea plant with the recessive phenotype for plant height would have which of the following genotypes? -tt Difference between a mendelian trait and a polygenic trait? mendelian=controlled by 1 gene and one location/loci Polygenic traits=multiple alleles in different loci/areas

Why are females more likely to be carriers for color blindness sthan to be color blind themselves? ??? Which of the following is a polygenic trait in humans? ??? In ABO blood group system what the the possible genotypes for a person who has blood type A In ABO blood group system what the the possible genotypes for a person who has blood type O Lab 4 How do we measure and define evolution? -as a change in allele frequency (genetic and phenotypic level 0 Evolution occurs: In traits The only source of entirely new genetic material is: -mutation Which of the following is not a key component of natural selection? The founder effect is a specific type of? -genetic drift When a substantial amount of genetic variation is lost we call it a: -genetic bottleneck When two previously isolated populations begin interbreeding and exchanging genes we call it: -Gene flow List two of the 7 key conditions necessary for a trait to be in equilibrium? -no mutation is occuring -no natural selection is occurring -no gene flow

In the hardy-weinberg equation what does p stand for? -frequency of dominant alleles ^What does q stand for? -frequency of recessive alleles Lab 5

Lab 9 Major levels of classification in order from most general to specific: Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus “Viable offspring” -living offspring that are capable of reproduction When classifying paleospecies anthropologists use: Correct abbreviation for pan troglodytes (chimps_ -P. troglodytes Both animals having wings is an example of an: -Analogy Humans and baboons share ___ is an example of: -shared derived trait If one is using cladistics to classify living primates: -emphasizes derived traits Cladograms!!!! Farthest point=ancestor of all

Lab 10 Traits found in primates that distinguish them from other mammals include any three of the following: social, uniparous, extended growth and development, opposable big toe and thumb, strong sense of touch, strong sense of vision, forward-facing eyes (depth perception), bony eye support, color vision, reduced sense of smell, shorter snout, larger brain.

-lemurs are most closely related to lorises. -Lorises are nocturnal (they do not rely heavily on their vision, have large bodies, or eat a diet of mostly leaves). -Madagascar is the only place where you can find lemurs in the wild. -traits shared by tarsiers, lorises and lemurs includes one of these: small bodies, diet with a lot of insects, nocturnal, small social groups, leaping, claws and nails. -Traits shared by tarsiers and anthropoids includes one of these: no dental comb, no rhinarium, bony eye enclosure (no postorbital bar as seen in lorises and lemurs), genetic similarities. -Traits that distinguishes the platyrrhines (Greek platys = “flat”) and catarrhines (Greek cata- = “down”), including how they vary between groups, includes one of these: Platyrrhines have 3 premolars, and catarrhines have 2 premolars in each mouth quadrant. Platyrrhines have broad noses with outward-facing nostrils and a wide septum; catarrhines have narrow noses with downward-facing nostrils and a narrow septum.

-Prehensile tail is a trait is found in some New World monkeys and none of the Old World monkeys (not arboreal lifestyle, which is found in both groups; diet emphasizing fruit, which is found in both groups; or ischial callosities, which are found in Old World monkeys). -Colobine is the type of primate that lives in the forests of central Africa, is arboreal and has a long tail, has bilophodont molars, and has a diet that includes a lot of leaves (not ape, New World monkey, or cercopithecine). -traits that are found in apes but not in other primates include any two of the following: Y-5 molars, flatter faces, larger brains, adaptations for swinging, lack of a tail. -Gibbon is the type of primate that lives in the forests of Southeast Asia, is arboreal and swings through the trees, has Y-5 molars and eats a lot of fruit, and lives in small social groups, where males and females work together to defend the territory and raise offspring (not orangutan, gorilla, or bonobo). Lab 11 -researching primates in a zoo would be considered a captive primate study, not a field primate study. -quantitative data refer to easily measurable information that facilitates comparisons. -affiliative; embracing, tickling, and mild wrestling exemplify typical social play among chimps. -when food is sparsely distributed, primates do tend to live in smaller groups. -Solitary describes the social organization of an adult female primate that lives with her offspring in a territory separate from those of other females and overlapping with that of

an adult male, but hardly ever spends time together with other adults (not polygynous, monogamous, or polyandrous). -Polyandrous describes the social organization of an adult female primate living in a territory with two adult males and their offspring (not solitary, monogamous, or polygynous). -males emphasize access to mates (not resources), and females emphasize access to resources (not mates). -A wider range of sexual practices is shown by bonobos compared to chimpanzees (not more violent behavior, a higher degree of male–male competition, or less social bonding between individuals). -Nonhuman primate culture=group-specific, learned behavior. -A threat to wild primate populations today is one of the following: habitat loss due to deforestation or climate change; hunting for the illegal pet trade or as food; accidental snaring in traps for other animals. Lab 12 -Insectivorous is the diet type of a primate that has molars with pointy cusps and a simple digestive system (not gummivorous, frugivorous, or folivorous). -gummivorous primate is likely to have a small body size (because easily digested plant saps and gums require only a simple digestive system). -Folivorous is the diet type of a primate that has molars with shearing crests and a complex stomach (not frugivorous, insectivorous, or gummivorous).

-Brachiation is defined as a form of suspensory locomotion where movement occurs through arm-over-arm swinging. -Prehensile tail is the trait that makes semibrachiation possible. -an arboreal quadruped does not move on all fours on the ground (it moves on all fours in the trees). -Terrestrial quadrupedalism is the type of locomotion practiced by a primate that has arms and legs of similar length, robust hands and feet, and a short tail (not brachiation, arboreal quadrupedalism, or vertical clinging and leaping). -Knuckle-walking is the type of locomotion practiced by a primate that has long arms, a mobile shoulder, and very robust finger bones (not brachiation, arboreal quadrupedalism, or vertical clinging and leaping). - Sexually dimorphic trait is one of these (including male–female difference in appearance): Body size: males larger and females smaller Canine size: males larger and females smaller Cranial features: males more robust and females more gracile -a single-male polygynous group is likely to have more pronounced sexual dimorphism than a monogamous group. Lab 13 -A fossil is defined as the trace or remains of an organism preserved in rock. Fossils are formed when organic materials decay and are slowly replaced by minerals, or when impressions left by living organisms, such as footprints, are preserved.

-researchers are still debating whether plesiadapiforms were the first primates. Some think they are the first primates, -Compared to adapiforms, omomyoids A. are usually more nocturnal -trait found in Aegyptopithecus that suggests it was an early catarrhine: It has a 2.1.2.3 dental formula and a larger brain for its body size. -Victoriapithecus i s the fossil primate that lived in Africa around 15 mya, had bilophodont molars and a frugivorous diet, and had some adaptations for terrestrial quadrupedalism (not Aegyptopithecus, Khoratpithecus, or Dryopithecus) . -Apes are the closest living primate group to the fossil genus Proconsul, which l ived in Africa around 20 mya, had Y-5 molars and a frugivorous diet, also had some adaptations for arboreal quadrupedalism, and was tailless (not tarsiers, Old World monkeys, or New World monkeys). -Gigantopithecus is the genus assigned to the largest primate that ever lived. -relative dating is not more precise than chronometric dating and assigns a relative age to a rock layer or object, not a numerical age. -according to the law of superposition, deeper geological layers are indeed older than layers near the surface. -Radiocarbon dating requires any organic (carbon-containing) material, such as bone, wood, or shell. Lab 14 -we do not know a lot about the brains of our extinct relatives because the brain is made of soft tissue that does not fossilize well so we rely on cranial evidence

-tool use is not unique to members of our own human lineage but is also seen in numerous other apes and monkeys - Occasional bipedalism is the kind of bipedalism practiced by a living chimpanzee -in a biped, the foramen magnum is indeed positioned more anteriorly at the base of the skull. - In humans, the locations of the two vertebral curves are as follows: (1) the dorsal, convex curve in the thoracic region and (2) the ventral, convex curve in the lumbar region. - How a human pelvis differs from the pelvis of a nonbipedal primate: Humans have short, broad ilia and a bowl-shaped pelvis. Other primates have tall, narrow ilia and a flatter pelvis. - Bipedal adaptations that can be found in the femur include these: The femur angles medially to the knee; the femur overall is long. And, as seen in Orrorin, the neck of the femur is long, and there is a groove on the femoral neck for the obturator externus muscle. -The savanna hypothesis is an explanation for the evolution of bipedalism. It argues that bipedalism was selectively favored in our ancestors when savanna grasslands expanded and forests receded. -pre-australopithecines lived around B. 7 mya to 4.4 mya10. -S-shaped vertebral column is one of the adaptations for bipedalism that is not k nown to be present in the available pre-australopithecine fossils/= Lab 15

-4 mya to 1 mya is when the australopithecines lived -The fossil individual nicknamed Lucy was B. a habitual biped -Two East African australopithecines are any two of the following: Australopithecus anamensis, Au. aethiopicus, Au. afarensis, Au. garhi, Au. boisei -two South African australopithecines are any two of the following: Au. africanus, Au. robustus, Au. sediba -The oldest australopithecine is D. Australopithecus anamensis -Australopithecus ( Paranthropus)  aethiopicus is the species that lived around 2.5 mya in eastern Africa and had a small cranial capacity (around 410 cc), large molars, large zygomatic arches, and a sagittal crest -two tool forms associated with the Oldowan tool industry follow: Chopper: stone with flakes removed, used for heavy tasks like chopping Flake: small pieces of stone removed from larger stone, used for fine cutting, etc. -Australopithecus garhi, based on evidence from Gona, Ethiopia, may be the first stone tool user -one feature that decreases in size between the australopithecines and early

 enus is any one of the following: Teeth (especially members of the Homo g premolars and molars) decrease in size; the mandible and zygomatic arches decrease in size and robusticity; the sagittal crest is lost _______________ Lab 16

 his cladogram shows the possible relationships Cladogram of the Homo Genus. T among the species discussed in this chapter. It is based on Zimmer 2013: Fig. 14.4, which was in turn adapted from Harmon 2013. It is provided as a synthesis of the material presented in this lab.

 as the first species to live outside of Africa (not 1. B. Homo erectus w Australopithecus garhi, Homo sapiens, or Homo habilis ) . 2. True; some researchers do  consider the African members of Homo erectus to be a separate species called Homo ergaster. 3. C. Homo heidelbergensis i s the species that lived in Europe around 200 kya and had a long and low cranium, a large cranial capacity (around 1300 cc), and a very small occipital torus (not Homo neanderthalensis, Homo erectus , or Homo sapiens) . 4. False; Mousterian tools are not made from stone flakes that have an elongated, blade-like shape because blades were part of the Upper Paleolithic technology developed later. 5. A species that made Mousterian tools is one of the following: H. heidelbergensis or H. neanderthalensis 6. We have been able to recover ancient DNA from a few Neanderthals but not from our other extinct relatives because: Some Neanderthals died recently enough that their skeletons are not fully fossilized. The remains of our other extinct relatives are fully fossilized, so they lack DNA.

7. A physical adaptation Neanderthals had for life in a cold climate is one of the following: Large nasal opening, short and stocky body, robusticity 8. Compared to Neanderthals, early humans had A. a taller cranium and more vertical forehead (not a more limited diet emphasizing large game animals, more physical adaptations for living in a cold climate, or a more pronounced occipital bun). 9. Homo neanderthalensis is the Homo  species that has the largest average cranial capacity. 10. D. Homo floresiensis i s the fossil species that lived on a small Indonesian island around 18 kya, used stone tools to hunt animals, but had a very small cranial capacity (around 400 cc) and a very small body (not Australopithecus afarensis, Homo erectus, or Homo habilis) ....