Anthro 101 Unit 1 exam Study Guide PDF

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ANTH 101 Prof. Leynse Unit 1 Study Guide Modules 1-3 Anthropology - 8/27/20

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● Anthropology is the study of the full scope of human diversity, past and present, and the application of that knowledge to help people of different backgrounds better understand one another. ● allow you to explore humanity's great cultural diversity; ● provide you the analytical tools necessary to better understand our world; ● deepen your understanding so that you may develop creative solutions for our shared future. ● the Holistic Study of Human Cultures in all their complexity ● a "4-Fields" Approach: ■ Archaeology ■ Cultural Anthro ■ Linguistic Anthro ■ Biological/Physical Anthro Archaeology - study of our human past Armchair vs. verandah approach ● Armchair: ● - not conducting own research ● Verandah: ● - leaving the safety of ones poarch to mingle with the local people Bronislaw Malinowski - 9/15/20 ; ● father of fieldwork ● Across the Pacific Ocean, Bronisław Malinowski (1884–1942) went even further than Boas in developing cultural anthropology’s research methods. Malinowski, a Polish citizen who later became a leading figure in British anthropology, found himself stuck for a year on the Trobriand Islands as a result of World War I. Claude Levi-Strauss - (from google) A french anthropologist whose work was key in the development of the theory of structuralism and structural anthropology. Clifford Geertz - the key figure in this interpretivist approach; urged anthropologists to explore culture primarily as a symbolic system in which even simple, seemingly straightforward actions can convey deep meanings Comparative approach - considers the life experiences of people in every part of the world, comparing and contrasting cultural beliefs. Cultural anthropology - the study of people’s communities, behaviors, beliefs, and institutions, including how people make meaning as they live, work, and play together ● the study of human cultures ● ethnography(case study)- specific case study, going into details and focusing on describing one culture ● ethnology(comparative)- take all ethnography? ● cultural borrowing/spread of ideas & objects Cultural materialism - Marvin Harris, material conditions like technology and environment determine patterns of social organizations

10. Cultural relativism - 9/10/20 in hw section ● understanding a group's beliefs and practices within their own cultural context, without making judgments 11. Culture - A system of knowledge, beliefs, patterns of behavior, artifacts, and institutions that are created, learned, shared and contested by a group of people 12. Culture and personality - anthropologist who examine theoretical perspective that focuses on culture as principal force in shaping personality of a society as well as on the role of personality in the maintenance of cultural institutions 13. Culture shock - 9/10/20 in hw section ● a sense of disorientation caused by the overwhelmingly new and unfamiliar people and experiences encountered every day ● Anthropologists might feel culture shock again when returning home bc everything is so different 14. Diffusion - borrowing of cultural traits and patterns from other cultures- to explain apparent similarities. spread of ideas and objects 15. Edward (E.B.) Tylor - (1832-1917) was considered an “armchair anthropologist” because he did not conduct his own research. 16. Emic vs. etic - 9/10/20 in hw section ● Emic: description of local behavior and beliefs from the anthropologist's perspective in ways that can be compared across cultures ● etic: the analysis and comparison of ethnographic data across cultures ○ Viewing the local community from the Anthropologist perspective as an outsider 17. Empiricism - 9/10/20 ● the practice of conducting studies through direct observation and objective description 18. Enculturation - 9/3/20; ● the process of learning culture; cultural info is transmitted ● culture learned & taught ● Enculturation is both informal and formal ● because culture is a shared experience, enculturation occurs through communication and the establishment of patterns of behavior, or practice ● in this way, enculturation- like culture- is symbolic (using language and other symbols) and patterned. 19. Ethnocentrism - 9/3/20; ● this is what anthropologist call the process of learning culture; judging one culture based on another 20. Ethnographic fieldwork - 9/10/20 in hw section ● the unique set of practices that cultural anthropologists have developed to put people first as we analyze how human societies work. ● A primary research strategy in cultural anthropology typically involves living and interacting with a community of people over an extended period to better understand their lives. ● Fieldwork experience is considered an essential part of an anthropologist's training

21. Ethnography - 9/3/20; is the study of people and culture- researcher observes society from the POV of the subject and immerses themselves in another culture ● How do Anthropologist write ethnography? ○ polyvocality ○ reflexivity ○ tone and style ○ ethnographic authority ○ experiments in ethnographic writing ● How do anthropologists use ethnography? ○ Research ○ Applied anthropology ○ engaged anthropology 22. Ethnology - an approach to gathering data that investigates how local people think and how they understand the world 23. Explicit culture - culture that people can talk about and are aware of 24. External cultural change - contact with people through migration, trade, marriage and other interactions 25. Field notes - written observations and reflections on places, practices, events and interviews 26. Fieldwork - 9/10/20 in hw section ● How do anthropologists get started conducting fieldwork? ○ Preparation ○ Strategies ○ Mapping: the analysis of the physical and/or geographic space where fieldwork is being conducted ○ analysis rapport 27. Four-field approach - these interrelated fields are biological anthropology, archeology, linguistic anthropology, and cultural anthropology. Taken together, these represent a holistic approach for examining the complexity of human origins and human culture, past and present. ● a "4-Fields" Approach: 1. Archaeology 2. Cultural Anthro 3. Linguistic Anthro 4. Biological/Physical Anthro 28. Franz Boas- 9/10/20 ● ● ● ●

holistic view: 4 fields, in person data collection, "salvage ethnography” cultural relativism

● historical particularism

29. Functionalism / Structural functionalism - 9/8/20; hw section -Structural functionalism: a conceptual framework positing that each element of society serves a particular function to keep the entire system in equilibrium; a society worked to maintain an internal balance, or equilibrium, that kept the system working. -functionalism: cultural traits have social functions that help to smooth social life

30. Globalization - 9/15/20 in hw section; chp 1 page 21 ● cultural borrowing/spread of ideas & objects ● The worldwide intensification of interactions and increased movement of money, people, goods, and ideas within and across national borders. ○ key and power are key characteristics of globalization ● Globalization today is characterized by several key Dynamics: ○ time-space compression ○ flexible accumulation ○ Increasing migration ○ uneven development 31. Historical particularism- 9/8/20; hw section -The idea, attributed to Franz Boas, that cultures develop in specific ways because of their unique histories. - The idea, attributed to Franz Boas, that cultures develop in specific ways because of their unique histories.

32. Holism -the anthropological commitment to look at the whole picture of human life - culture, biology, history, and language - across space and time. 9/15/20 ● the 4 field approach ● physical anthropology ● archaeology ● linguistic anthropology ● (socio-)cultural anthropology ● the 4 fields of anthropology 1. Physical (Biological) Anthropology ■ paleoanthropology

■ primatology ■ human variation and genetics 2. archaeology ■ looking at remnants/artifacts of the past, when there is no living record 3. linguistic anthropology ■ language as symbolic system of communication ■ that shapes worldview ■ helps interpret & transmit culture 4. cultural anthropology ■ the study of human cultures ■ ethnography(case study)- specific case study, going into details and focusing on describing one culture ■ ethnology(comparative)- take all ethnography? 33. Horace Miner - created the Nacirema, the tension between familiar and strange when studying cultures, Americans need to confront their ethnocentrism ● Wrote “Body Ritual among the Nacirema”(1956) which examined a group in North America that developed practices focusing on care of the human body. The “Nacirema” established rituals and ceremonies to avoid the dangers of diseases and decay the human body faces.

34. Informant / key informant ● Key informant: A community member who advises the anthropologist on community issues, provides feedback, and warns against cultural miscues. Also called cultural consultant. ● Informants: people who teach ethnographers about their culture ○ They inform us about their cultural knowledge ○ Key informants: main contacts / best rapport ○ Rapport: relationship 35. Informed consent - Protecting the identities of the people involved in a study by changing or omitting their names or other identifying characteristics. 36. Innovation - a new method or device that gains widespread expectance into society. 37. Internal cultural change 38. Interpretive/symbolic approach/interpretivism – 39. Invention - new technology and systems of knowledge 40. Interview - conducted to receive or expand knowledge on other cultures 41. Life history - A form of interview that traces the biography of a person over time, examining

changes in the person’s life and illuminating the interlocking network of relationships in the community. 42. Linguistic anthropology – The study of human language in the past and the present. ● linguistic anthropology includes 3 main areas of specialization ○ descriptive linguists: those who analyze languages and their component parts ○ historic linguists: those who study how language changes over time within a culture and how languages travel across cultures ○ Sociolinguists: those who study language in its social and cultural context 43. Margaret Mead- 9/10/20 -public anthropology ● ●

she turned her attention particularly to enculturation and its powerful effects on cultural patterns and personality types. In her book coming of age samoa(1928), she explored the seeming sexual freedom and experimentation of samoan young people and compared it with the repressed sexuality of young people in the u.s, suggesting the important role of enculturation in shaping behavior- even behavior that is imagined to have powerful biological origins

44. Multi-sited research Focuses on observable relationships. The practice of producing in-depth research to influence world systems. Based on a single location 45. Nacirema - anthropologist Horace Miner helps readers understand the tension between familiar and strange the anthropologist faces when studying other cultures. Miner’s article examines the cultural beliefs and practices of a group in North America that has developed elaborate and unique practices focusing on care of the human body. He labels this group the Nacirema. 46. Naïve realism - the belief that people everywhere see the world in the same way 47. Native point of view- someone who studies or interprets their own culture which leads to biases 48. Norms - Ideas or rules about how people should behave in particular situations or towards certain people 49. Participant observation - 9/10/20 ● learning about culture by living in a given culture for an extended period ● ex: Malinowski, for studying the people of the Trobriand Islands ● key elements: ○ living with the people ○ participating in their everyday life ○ learning the language ● A key anthropological research strategy involving both participation in and observation of the

daily life of the people being studied. 50. Physical anthropology – ( aka biological anthropology) the study of humans from a biological perspective, particularly how they have evolved over time and adapted to environments.

51. Quantitative vs. qualitative data Quantitative- statistical information about a community that can be measured or compared Qualitative- descriptive data drawn from non-statistical sources, personal stories, interviews, life histories and participant observation 52. Rapport – 9/10/20 in hw section ● relationships of trust and familiarity with members of the community we study 53. Respondent vs. subject ● Respondents typically answer questions in a survey form for a researcher. Subjects are actually part of the experiment. 54. Reflexivity - 9/10/20 in hw section ● A critical self examination of the role the anthropologist plays and an awareness that one’s identity affects one’s fieldwork and theoretical analyses 55. Salvage ethnography - 9/10/20 in hw section ● Fieldwork strategy developed by Franz Boas to collect cultural, material,linguistic, and biological information about Native American populations being devastated by the westward expansion of European settlers. 56. Schema/mental maps – ● cultural classifications on what kinds of people and things exist, assignment of meaning to those classifications Functions of mental maps: 1) Classify reality. Example: kingdoms subdivided into phylum, ect. Categories of time. 2) Assign meaning to what has been classified. Example: we divide life span into categories, but then we give different values to different ages. In the US, these categories determine what age you can marry, have sex, drink, drive, vote. Schema- a network of knowledge, beliefs and expectations about other aspects of the world Mental maps- cultural classifications on what kinds of people and things exist, assignment of meaning to those classifications

57. Social network analysis - a method for examining relationships in a community, often conducted by identifying whom people turn to in times of need. 58. Structuralism -

GOOGLE ANTHRO DEFINITION: Structuralism, in cultural anthropology, the school of thought developed by the French anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss, in which cultures, viewed as systems, are analyzed in terms of the structural relations among their elements.

59. Survey - An information gathering tool for quantitative data analysis. 60. Symbol - an object, word or action that stands for something else with no natural relationship that is culturally defined 61. Tacit culture -Tacit culture in Anthropology refers to parts of culture that are explicit or directly observable. Social scientists have argued that it is at points of conflict that tacit culture becomes visible. 62. Tiv - a west-african culture in southern Nigeria 63. Unilineal cultural evolutionism - 9/8/20; hw section & 9/10/20 in hw section ● Early anthropologists suggested that all cultures would naturally evolve through the same sequence of stages, a concept known as …. ● the idea that all cultures would naturally evolve through the same sequence of stages from simple to complex and that the diversity of human cultural expressions represented different stages in the evolution of human culture, which could be classified in comparison to one another

64. Values -fundamental beliefs about what is important, what makes a good life, and what is true, right, and beautiful. 65. Agency –10/01/20 ● the potential power of individuals and groups to contest cultural norms, values, mental maps of reality, symbols, institutions, and structures of power ● agency and resistance within the state: ○ "weapons of the weak" (james scott) ■ everyday forms of resistance ○ social movements ■ protests 66. Agriculture – 9/22/20 ● ●

FARMING a subsistence strategy focusing on "intensive" farming: investing time, energy, & some technology

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agrarian subsistence ○ small farming ○ use of plows, irrigation, fertilizer ○ chiefdoms & states are political unit ○ sharing; generalized & balanced reciprocity; & barter small markets

67. Allocation of resources - The cultural rules people use to assign rights to the ownership and use of resources. 68. Authority - the legitimate power which one person or a group possesses and practices over another. The element of legitimacy is vital to the notion of authority and is the main means by which authority is distinguished from the more general concept of power. 69. Balanced exchange -

GOOGLE ANTHRO DEFINITION: A system of transfers in which the goal is either immediate or eventual equality in value.

70. Band ● A small kinship based group of foragers who hunt and gather for a living over a particular territory ● Bands break up and re-form regularly in response to conflicts among members in the formation of new alliances ● bands that require active cooperation among diverse groups of relatives and non-relatives to successfully adapt to an unpredictable and shifting landscape 71. Barter - 9/22/20 hw section ● the direct exchange of goods and services, one for the other, without currency or money 72. Big man / big woman system : category of political organization. Personality and favor based political groupings. Heavy responsibilities in regulating internal and external affairs. Leadership is mainly achieved. Common in melanesia, the south pacific. Big Woman: - less common than big man politics but examples do exist in melanesia - lead sailing expeditions - sponsored mortuary feasts - are sorcerers, healers, and successful gardeners 73. Capital - Any asset employed or capable of being deployed to produce wealth 74. Capitalism - an economic system based on private ownership of the means of production and in which goods and services are freely exchanged by means of the market mechanism

75. Carrying capacity - 9/22/20 hw section ● The number of people who can be supported by the resources of the surrounding region 76. Cash crop- a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower. 77. Chiefdom - An autonomous political unit composed of a number of villages or communities under the permanent control of a paramount chief. 78. Civil society - focused on developing practical experiences for raising living standards that can then be expanded to broader contexts. 79. Colonialism - 10/01/20 ● The practice by which states extend political, economic, and military power beyond their own borders over an extended period of time to secure access to raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in other countries or regions ● Policies in which: ○ countries establish colonies in distance places ○ exploit their resources and labor ○ establish settlements of their own citizens abroad 80. Commodity / commodity chain - (definitions from quizlet) -

Commodity: a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee Commodity chain: series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the world market

81. Confederacy -

GOOGLE ANTHRO DEFINITION: a group of people, countries, organizations, etc., that are joined together in some activity or effort.

82. Consumerism: -

GOOGLE ANTHRO DEFINITION: encompasses the presumption that increased consumption is necessary for the economy in general through the generation of private profit and economic growth.

83. Consumption: -

GOOGLE ANTHRO DEFINITION: refers to the process of buying, eating, or using a resource, food, commodity, or service. Anthropologists understand consumption more specifically as the forms of behavior that connect our economic activity with the cultural symbols that give our lives meaning.

84. Core -( countries)

● Industrialized former Colonial states that dominate the world economic system, Extracting cheap labor and raw materials from periphery countries and send them...