Comm 101 Exam 1 Study Guide PDF

Preview

Summary

Super detailed. I got an A on every test by studying these, very detailed. Teacher was Dr. Bonander...

Description

-

-

-

45 scantron (pencil) - Not verbatim as quizzes from book - Should study the questions from book 1-2 short answer questions - “You’re trying to persuade town hall on how to allocate money… explain how you would use pathos, ethos, logos to change their mind” - 3-4 or 6-8 sentences There are questions from powerpoints that aren’t on study guide Know what people stood for

Chapter 1 - Difference between communication and communications - communications is short for telecommunications, which involves the transmission of information through some sort of technology, such as television, radio, print, computer, or satellite. - Definition of communication - a participatory process that utilizes messages to generate meaning - Channel - the means by which a message moves from the source to the receiver of the message - Decoding and Encoding - we have verbal codes which use words and non-verbal codes - encompasses all other forms of communication include posture, dress, gestures etc - messages must be both encoded senders and decoded by receivers - Environment - surrounding or conditions where communication occurs - Message - A systematic arrangement of symbols used to create meanings in the mind of another person(s) - Noise - an interference that decreases message clarity - Receiver - The person who receives the messages - Self-concept - The way in which one sees themselves - Self-efficacy - The optimistic belief that a person has that they can accomplish their goals - SMRC Model

-

- Sender, Message, Receiver, Channel - Early, very flawed Transactional Model of Communication - describes communication as a process in which communicators generate social realities within social, relational, and cultural contexts

Chapter 2 - Definition of argument - Claim or conclusions supported w/ logical reasoning - Difference between argument and assertion - Claim without evidence or reasoning - What is Aristotle’s definition of rhetoric? - The faculty of observing in any case of the available means of persuasion - Advocate - A person who attempts to persuade others - Enthymeme - A type of syllogism where one or more of the premises or conclusion is not stated - Ethos - Based on credibility - Logos - Based on logic and reason - Pathos - Based on emotion - Questions of fact - Answers who did what, what happened, who is to blame - Questions of policy - What policy should be adopted to solve a specific problem - Question of value - What holds the greater value - Rhetoric - The ability to see the available means of persuasion - Syllogism - A form of logical proof where if you accept the major and minor premise of an argument then you must accept the conclusion - The Rhetorical Situation - was created by Loyd Bitzer - Helps us better understand arguments and how they function in particular situations with a specific audience

Chapter 3 - Sophists - Paid rhetoric teachers in ancient greece - Today sophist means to have no morals - Socrates - Critical of sophists - Plato - Changed his name because he thought he knew everything - Thought there should be one king and it should be him - Aristotle - We still use this way of teaching public speaking - Middle ground between sophists and socrates - Anecdotal evidence - is a single example and is not high quality evidence because we do not know if the example representative - Assertion - Contains claim but lacks backing - Toulmin’s Model of Argument - claim, data, warrant, backing, and qualifier - Backing - Additional justification offered in support of your warrant - Claim - The conclusion you want your audience to accept - Data - Evidence presented in support of the claim - Needs to be representative - Qualifier - Tells audience probability an argument is true or under what conditions it’s true - Credibility - The trustworthiness of a source; includes evaluation of the sources - Reliability - Accuracy and repeatability of evidence - Representativeness - Ability of data to fairly represent the group it’s referring to - Spurious correlation - when two variables are not related, but because of either coincidence, or a third factor, falsely appear to have a casual relationship

-

Valid argument - contains a claim, strong evidence, and strong warrants Warrant - are the logical reasons offered to connect the data to the claim Warrant, Backing, Data Difference - Data is evidence to support claim - Warrant is the explanation connects data to claim (the warrant can be unstated) - Backing explains why warrant is rational

Chapter 4 - Cicero’s “rhetorical canon”: Invention, arrangement, linguistic style, memory, & delivery - Memorized delivery - the mode of presentation that involves writing down every word of a speech, memorizing every word, and then reciting the speech in front of an audience - Manuscript delivery - when the speaker writes down the entirety of the speech and reads from the paper copy (or at least references the paper copy heavily). - Extemporaneous delivery - speaking competently and conversationally with limited preparation using limited notes - Preparation / Presentation outline - the full-sentence, typed, complete outline of your speech including the topic, general purpose, specific purpose, thesis, introduction, transitions, body, supporting material, conclusion, and bibliography - a keyword outline that is written or typed on note cards and includes the introduction, a few keyword prompts, and conclusion. - Specific purpose statement - a concise statement of the desired audience response indicating what you want your listeners to be able to know, feel or do when you finish speaking - Thesis statement - the concise summary of your topic and specific speech goal – usually in one sentence. - Communication apprehension Chapter 5 - Introduction - Agd, significance, thesis, background, preview - Body

-

-

-

- Information, logical format Conclusion - Review, positive note Organizational formats - Chronological - Time sequence - Space sequencing - Like a tour, physical space - Topical - Subtopics, informative or persuasive - Problem-cause-solution - Persuasive - Cause-effect-solution - Usually persuasive, focuses more on cause Types of evidence - Example - Facts - Testimony - Expert opinion - Statistics - Number facts - Comparison - Analogies - Narrative - Stories Citing sources Transitions - Come in between points (review and preview)

Chapter 6 - Attitude - a person’s predisposition or learned evaluation, which causes someone to like or dislike a topic and can influence behavior - Value - enduring judgments about what is good and bad in life - Belief - feelings about what is true and help form attitudes - Fallacies - Post hoc

-

-

-

fallacy which means that an event followed another event and because if followed another event, the first event CAUSED the second Ad hominem - Attacking speaker instead of argument Begging the question - Assuming something Slippery slope - A set of actions will result in another set of actions Ad verecundiam - Listening to someone because they are an authoritative figure Ad Populum - Promoting the cause because other people do The Undistributed Middle - Guilt by association The Straw Man - Pointing out the weakest part in an argument and then blowing it up

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs - Eating before self esteem Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) - How we process persuasive messages

Chapter 7 - Reflective-projective theory - Mass media is a mirror for society - It reflects how we are and it projects things into society (unattainable) - Uses and gratifications theory - Agenda Building & Agenda setting (Power point) - Parasocial interaction cultivation theory - Social information processing theory (SIPT) - Explains how people get to know each other online - 1996 Telecommunications (Power point) - Oligopolies - FTC Improvement The Lures and Dangers of Extremist Rhetoric - What is extremist rhetoric? - Minds can’t be changed even with data and reasoning

-

What is extremism? Why is this type of rhetoric damaging to our political system What are the effects of this type of rhetoric?

Don’t Think of an Elephant - Framing/ How does framing work - The way words are used to shape our view of the world - Strict Father - Views the world as a place filled with evil - Social programs reward dependency - Nurturing Family/Parent - Sees world as good and can be better - What problems do progressive face? - Lack simple frames for what they stand for - No positive frame to talk about increasing taxes - People often don’t accept something if it doesn’t already fit into a frame Rape Culture on College Campus - Rape Culture - Culture in which rpae is a common, almost expected event - Occurs as a consequence - Acquaintance Rape - Stranger rape - Rape Myths - Deny or minimize victim injury or blame the survivors - People can resist rape - Victim is promiscuous - Rape accusation is done out of revenge or anger - No means yes - Silencing - Suggested solutions - Stop blaming survivors - Men are victims too - Recognize that most rapes are date or aquaintance rape...