Biology 101 exam #1 study guide PDF

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Biology 101 - Study Guide EXAM 1 1. Science a. a way of knowing things, college of insights, a process that uses scientific method to gain new knowledge b. Does not address questions of morality, aesthetics, and spirituality 2. Biology a. The study of life 3. Theory: a. Unified explanation of some aspect of the natural world b. Theory must be accurate c. In casual conversation theory is used as a hypothetically and is based on assumption without facts d. Scientific theory contains a fact in which experiments and tests are done to support the theory 4. The scientific method a. Make observations - recognize the problem and unanswered questions b. Create a hypothesis (a testable explanation for natural phenomenon) c. Test the hypothesis with experiments and tests d. Do more experiments and analysis e. Communicate findings 5. Scientific communication a. The most prestigious articles to have published are those in science and and nature as they have higher impact factors b. Peer reviewed journal - experts review work for accuracy and errors c. Abstract gives a brief conclusion on findings and why the research was conducted d. Introduction - previous research done, the importance of the research, and the guiding question or hypothesis e. Materials & methods - tools and apparatuses used experiments and tests conducted, how they were done f. Results - reports findings g. discussion/conclusion - interprets the reason for outcome, explains results and compares them to other experiments done h. Conclusion - focuses the reader on what’s important about the research and its contribution to the larger area of study i. Reference - lists the sources used in the article 6. Theories underlying Biology a. Cell theory

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i. All cells are the fundamental unit of life ii. All cells come from previous cells iii. Prokaryotes were the first cells to exist iv. Eukaryotes contain a nucleus, prokaryotes don’t b. Evolution theory i. Evolution is the source of biodiversity ii. Species change and diverge overtime iii. Diversity is the result of millions of years of evolution 7. Common properties of life a. Order b. Response to stimuli c. Reproduction d. Adaptation e. Growth & development f. Regulation g. Homeostasis h. Energy processing 8. Order of organism a. Atom → molecule → cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism 9. Factors part of maintaining homeostasis a. Temperature b. pH c. Concentration of chemicals 10. Hierarchy of Taxonomy (broad to specific) a. Domain (all contain single celled organisms) b. Kingdom i. Plantae - multicellular, autotrophic, eukaryotes that are immobile ii. Fungi - mostly multicellular, autotrophic eukaryotes that are immobile iii. Protista - mostly single celled eukaryotes iv. Archaebacteria - bacteria that can be classified as thermophiles, halophiles, and methanogens v. Eubacteria - bacteria that are both beneficial and harmful c. Phylum d. Class e. Order f. Family g. Genus h. Species

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11. More about taxonomy a. organisms name contains genus and species b. 1st word is the species and is always capitalized c. 2nd word is species and is always lower case d. Must be italicized e. Taxonomy is used to name organisms and group them in a logical manner and to avoid confusion caused by regional names f. Phylogenetic tree i. Depicts evolutionary relationships among species ii. Species close together near the end of a branch of a phylogenetic tree are most closely related 12. Energy a. Potential energy - stored energy b. Conservation of mass and energy i. Energy is neither created nor destroyed ii. Matter can be rearranged but are conserved in chemical reaction products and reactants have same mass c. Endothermic reaction i. System absorbs energy, usually heat d. Energy flow in ecosystem i. Sunlight ii. Producers iii. Primary consumers iv. Secondary consumers v. Tertiary consumers e. Entropy i. Amount of energy in a system that is no longer available for doing mechanical work ii. Energy is usually lost to friction and heat 13. Eutrophication a. Excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or body of water, frequently due to runoff from the land which causes dense growth of plant life and death of animal life from lack of oxygen b. Can produce carbon dioxide which lowers pH of seawater (ocean acidification) c. Can slow growth of fish + shellfish may prevent shell formation of mollusks i. Smaller harvests ii. Deterioration of water quality d. Causes of eutrophication

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i. ii.

Fertilizer use (nitrogen and phosphorus) Discharge of waste water into bodies of water

14. Terms a. Sample - part of population that is chosen randomly b. Population - all of the individuals c. Mean - average d. standard deviation - measure of spread around mean e. dependent variable - y axis what’s being changed f. independent variable - x axis g. null hypothesis - hypothesis in which the researcher tries to disprove, reject, or nullify h. alternative hypothesis - opposite of null hypothesis 15. Species richness, abundance and evenness a. Species richness - how many species in an area of interest b. Abundance - how any members of each species c. Evenness - how evenly the species are distributed d. To calculate diversity index, all this information must be known 16. Ecosystem resistance and resilience a. Resistance - the tendency for an ecosystem to not be changed very much after a disturbance b. Resilience - the capacity for an ecosystem to “bounce-back” after a disturbance 17. Dominant species and keystone species a. Dominant species - most numerous/most biomass, usually a plant if one species is extremely dominant, then the diversity is pretty low b. Keystone species - low abundance, but removal cause high impact on ecosystem richness and evenness i. Often a top predator like wolves but ecosystem engineers like beavers can be keystone species too ii. Ecosystem could drastically change if removed (i.e. starfish) 18. Biological hotspots a. Biogeographic region that is both a significant reservoir of biodiversity and is threatened with destruction b. 25 biologically rich areas around the world that have lost at least 70% of their original habitat 19. Difference between “people overpopulation” and “consumption overpopulation” a. People overpopulation - human population growing too big

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When the number of a certain species exceeds a certain threshold (i.e carrying capacity: the max population size of a species that can ecosystem can support indefinitely) b. Consumption overpopulation - when resources are used in excess at a rate that is higher than the production rate...