Biology 150 Exam 1 Study Guide Complete PDF

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Biology 150 Exam 1 Study Guide Dr. Keck...

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Bio150, Keck, Spring 2018 –Exam 1 Study Guide The following is a non-comprehensive list of material that could be on exam 1. I will add information from lecture on Thursday to the study guide on Thursday afternoon. My advice is to find the definitions, ideas, or data associated with these terms in the lectures (and your notes) and the book. You are encouraged to work with others when filling out this guide and studying, and set up an appointment with me. The test will consist of two sections. The first will be completed as an individual, account for 80% of your score, and take approximately 30 minutes. The second will be completed as a group of 3-5, account for 20% of your score, and take approximately 20 minutes. Text in bold indicates lectures with supporting sources (readings) and normal text indicates ideas and information you should know about each lecture topic. If you would like to brush up on some basic concepts that we are building on, there are some fairly good chapters in the book that may help. Introduction: Dr. Keck studies _ichthyology_____ Five major learning objectives: be able to relate these to scenarios or examples, see the dung beetle example. ( what are we supposed to know about this.. How are they related ?? We need to know how to apply these types of learning objectives to different examples (listed below). Our professor uses different scenarios so I am going to assume that we need to be able to place certain scenarios into different categories of either evolution, structure and function, ,etc.) 1. Evolution: Populations of organisms have changed through time by both selective and nonselective processes 2. Structure and Function: All living systems are made of structural components -Specialized legs on dung beetles 3. Information flow and storage: Information and signals are used within and among organisms to direct their functioning 4. Transformations of Energy and Matter: All living things acquire, use, and release matter and energy for cellular/organismal functioning 5. Systems: Living systems are interconnected, and interact on multiple levels -Break down nutrients from the dung Mechanisms of diversification answers what? Evolutionary change? Why there are so many species? How a species adapts to its environment over time. 3 major axes of diversification Sexual Selection-natural selection that occurs through preferences for certain characteristics between organisms Vicariance-geographical separation of a population (mountain range, body of water, etc.) Trophic Morphology-how an organism’s feeding habits and preferences relate to differences in their structure within a population Ecology is? The study of how organisms interact with each other and with their surrounding environment. How do humans fit into ecology/evolution of other organisms? Habitat Alteration

Article: conservation-of-biodiversity-13235087 What percentage of species have gone extinct? 95% The current rates of extinction and speciation -Existing species go extinct at a rate 1,000 times that of species formation(15,000 new species described each year) -Mass extinction Is species discovery complete? NO What are the benefits of diversity? Genetic variation, ecosystem services, Ecotourism, Biological resources, Social and Spiritual Benefits Science and Biology: Ch. 1.5, Vaccine chapter Be able to identify the parts of the scientific process/method. Observation-Question-Hypothesis-Prediction-Experiment Correlation vs Causation %Correlation- one event is related to another Causation- one event causes another event. Correlation is not causation Independent and dependent variables An independent Variable is a Variable that stands alone and that can not be changed by other variables. A dependent Variable is a variable that depends on other factors influenced by an experiment. For example in Biolit a fecal transplant or form of treatment is the independent variable that is used to influence the patient or the dependent variable treated with C. Diff. infection. Be able to interpret a figure similar to examples in lecture How do you assess the quality of information? By fact-checking the information through: 1.) Primary literature 2.) Peer review 3.) Quality control 4.) Searching the author Peer review and literature searches Using one search on the utk libraries website to access a database (pictures in lecture slides) Bias and pseudoscience Bias: prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another Pseudoscience: a collection of beliefs or practices mistakenly regarded as being based on scientific method

Genotype vs. phenotype · Genotype: All the alleles of a gene or genes present in a given individual · Phenotype: physical characteristics Basic structure of DNA Double stranded helix that runs counterclockwise/antiparallel Deoxyribose, “discovered” by Watson and Crick, published structure in 1953 Transcription and Translation · Transcription: genetic information represented by a sequence of DNA nucleotides is copied into newly synthesized molecules of RNA, with the DNA serving as a template (DNA sequence is copied (or transcribed) into an mRNA). Regulation through methylation of histone tails. · Translation: a step in protein biosynthesis wherein the genetic code carried by mRNA is decoded to produce the specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. During this process the introns are removed from the strand, leaving behind only the exons.

Chromosome Gene-carrying structure consisting of a single long molecule of double-stranded DNA and associated proteins (e.g., histones). Most prokaryotic cells contain a single, circular chromosome; eukaryotic cells contain multiple linear chromosomes located in the nucleus Gene/protein coding gene Nucleotide/ amino acid sequence. The coding strand of DNA is the strand that is identical to the mRNA sequence (except U to T). Introns and Exons · Intron: A region of a gene that is transcribed into RNA but is later removed, does not code for protein · Exon: A transcribed region of a gene or region of a primary transcript that is retained in the mature RNA. Except for 5’ and 3’ UTRs, mRNA exons code for amino acid, does code for protein Alternative splicing In eukaryotes, the splicing of primary RNA transcripts from a single gene in different ways to produce different mature mRNAs and thus different polypeptides. It is a way to revise a genes (through the arrangement of exons). The altering of exons in order to make specific proteins for certain parts of the body. Genome All the hereditary material (DNA in cells, DNA or RNA in viruses) in a virus, cell, or organism, including but not confined to genes. Genomic complexity

number of genes and size of genomes What is DNA, structure, composition, chromosome · DNA is the storage of genetic information which is passed to the next generation by meiosis · Made up of Nitrogenous base- phosphate group- pentose sugar Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA. -Purines (A,G) -Pyrimidines (C,U,T) Mutation: Ch. 13.2, 13.4, 15.5 Standing variation, or phenotypic variability is important for many aspects of evolution and ecology. This variability arises through genetic mutation. Point mutations: silent, nonsense, etc.: do they occur at the same rate throughout the genome? Point mutations are a result of incorrect coding. They can be spontaneous or induced (induced would be the result of the outside environment like skin cancer). No they do not occur at the same rate. The rate varies by gene and chromosome position. Transitions vs. transversions a. Transition: purine to purine or pyrimidine to pyrimidine. They are more common because the mistakes are less likely to be caught. b. Transversions: mutation from purine to pyrimidine, or pyrimidine to purine. These are more rare because it is a more obvious mistake to catch. These have more adverse effects than transition mutations. Phenotypic change: can a point mutation cause a large phenotypic change or only small incremental changes? Has the potential to cause a large phenotypic change. Example from the book- slight change in a DNA sequence causes a different color coat in mice. Be able to differentiate between incremental changes and large changes due to point mutations (if given an example). Silent - Mutations in DNA that do not significantly alter the phenotype of the organism in which they occur. May occur in regions inside introns, or may occur within exons. Missense (Conservative) - When an altered codon specifies a chemically similar amino acid. Missense (Non-Conservative) - When the altered codon specifies a non similar amino acid, resulting in possible change to the phenotype Nonsense - When an altered codon signals a chain termination. Crossing over: What is it? When does it occur? What does it result in? Why might this be beneficial? Exchange of genes in homologous structures. Occurs during meiosis between prophase 1 and metaphase 1. Results in a mixture of characteristics from both parents. This creates genetic variation which is beneficial in the passing down of stronger evolutionary and survival traits.

Rates of reproduction for asexual vs. sexual organisms Asexual organisms reproduce at a much faster rate. A bad aspect of asexual reproduction No adaptation, identical to parents, vulnerable to diseases ( think Bananas being vulnerable to fungal wipeout) Chromosomal mutation: duplication, deletion, etc. When a strand of many genes (aka chromosomes) undergoes an undesired change. Can include: Duplication: a block of information on the chromosome is repeated again. Deletion: a block of information on the chromosome disappears Inversion: when the information is all still present but in the wrong order Translocation: when part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to a new chromosome. What is a POLYPLOID? When a normally diploid organism acquires one or more additional sets of chromosomes. Recombinant genotype or phenotype. Refers to the non-dominant genotype. For example, if Y is dominant, the two parents have Yy, Yy chromosomes, which has a chance of producing a yy chromosome offspring. Populations and Species: Ch. 26.1, 26.2, 27.1, (I think these are supposed to be Ch. 23.1, 23.2, 24.1 by the way) and species pdf What is population genetics trying to identify The distribution of genotypes in space and time. Alleles, gene pool, genetic variability Genetic variability: differences in sequences among individuals, can be caused by mutation, random mating, and recombination between chromosomes during meiosis. Gene pool: all possible variants of the genes within a species/population. -humans have low relative variability Alleles: different forms of a gene that are inherited from parents and control characteristics such as blood type, hair color, and eye color.

R Human population example: what does it mean when most of the genetic variability is found within a population, instead of among populations? Pretty sure this is about how humans are all really close genetically, regardless of ethnic region or race or whatever. The distinctions in genetics really forms amongst language groups. Rapid expansion or high gene flow. Could he also be asking for us to mention vicariance possibly influencing the lack of variability???

What is geographic structure? “Geographic structure of populations is a fundamental component of ecology and evolution that combines both demographic and genetic processes, such as gene flow and migration, genetic drift, selection, and population extinction.” What is Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium trying to identify? “The frequency of alleles in a population reaches equilibrium in one generation and stays at genetic equilibrium generation after generation” It is trying to identify how “allele frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary influences”. How to calculate: A1A1 genotype frequency= p2 A1A2 genotype frequency= 2pq A2A2 genotype frequency= q2 A1 allele frequency: p2 + ½ 2pq A2 allele frequency: q2 + ½ 2pq

Is speciation a process or event? Process. Speciation is defined as: The formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution. It involves the splitting of a single evolutionary lineage into two or more genetically independent lineages. Scales of classification Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom What is a species? Why is it difficult to define this? What are some of the species concepts? Our class definition is: the offspring resemble the parents which was given by JS Wilkins. There are 26 main species concepts; the one we talked about in class is the biological species concept which states that a species is a group of interbreeding organisms. Biological Species Concept: Definition by Ernst Mayr which consists of a group of interbreeding organisms. One potential problem is asexual reproduction. The book also says that a species is a population (or populations) of organisms that are evolutionarily independent....