Psy 150- Final exam Study Guide PDF

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Final Study Guide Chapter 1

● Psychology definition scientific study of behavior and mental processes ● Wilhelm Wundt Father of psychology (as science), First lab in 1879, germany ● Introspection Examination of own conscious activity Objective (depending on people) measure psychological processes a method used to examine one's own conscious activities Ex. Reflection of sensation, feelings and images respond to stimuli ● Psychology perspectives ● Psychoanalytic, cognitive, behavioral, humanistic, biological

Psychoanalytic perspective

● An approach developed by Freud suggesting that behavior and personality are shaped by unconscious conflicts (inner desires(like exual and aggressive impulses) vs societal expectations) Psychoanalysis- talk therapy. Suggest our personality is dependent on caregivers ect.

Cognitive perspective

-An approach examining the mental processes that direct behavior -examines mental processes that direct behavior, thinking, memory, language, attention, problem solving

Behavioral perspective

-An approach suggesting that behavior and personality is primarily learned through associations, reinforcers, and observation.

Humanistic perspective

Biological perspective

● An approached by carl rogers and abraham maslow suggesting that human nature is positive, and humans are naturally inclined to grow & change for the better . Each person is a master of his own fate -An approach that uses knowledge about underlying physiology to explain behavior and mental processes. - How do biological factors as hormones, genes, anatomy, and brain structures, influence behavior and mental processes?

● Know descriptions (what each one emphasizes) ● Steps to the scientific method (textbook) 1) develop question/ observation 2)form a hypothesis; theory to explain phenemona

3) design study and collect data ; operational definistion 4) analyze data; if results support hypothesis 5) publish findings ● Psychological Research ● Experimental Design Random assignment: Experiment group(treatment ), control group (no treatment), independent and dependent variable (independent v is manipulated in a study and dependent variable is the outcome that is dependent on the manipulated variable (ex. Iv is exercise and dv is health or iv=violent tv show dv=more violent) cause-and-effect conclus), double blind study, placebo, informed consent, debriefing

Chapter 2

● Structure of a neuron dentrite, cell membrane(lining outside), cell body (soma), axon, myelin sheath, terminal buttons

● Neural communication 1) resting potential is gate closed nothing can go to neuron

2) neurotransmitters attach to receptors on dendrites IS CHEMICAL MESSAGE 3) gates open CHANGES TO ELECTRICAL CHARGE 4) threshold of excitation 5) action potential- BEING SENT TO THE AXON Synapse, action potential and opens gates neurotransmitters released and attach to receptors. ● Central Nervous System & Peripheral Nervous System CNS= brain and spinal cord PNS= nerves to and from CNS (2 branches) 1. Somatic nervous system (SNS) which causes voluntary movements,motor and sensory nerves, receives sensory info from environment 2. Autonomic nervous system (ANS)= has involuntary activity contains 1) sympathetic (fight or flight) 2)parasympathetic (rest and digest) ● Four brain lobes & their functions

Frontal **

*involved in high level functioning ( our ability to problem solve, decision making, planning,) *Executive Functioning *Emotion *Language - Broca's area

Parietal (behind frontal) *Sensory Information *Somatosensory cortex - Processes sensory information received from skin (touch, temp, pain) - Sensation

temporal

occipital Very back of brain

*Hearing *Auditory cortex - Processes auditory info *Language comprehension - Wernicke's area (speech comprehensi on)

*Visual Info *Primary visual cortex: Interprets incoming visual info Can go blind if hit really hard

(left hem)(speech production)

● Brain hemispheres and their functions Corpus callosum allows the 2 hemispheres to communicate They are Contralateral, left controls right 1. Right hemisphere ● Spatial ability ● Emotion ● Musical ability ● Some memory tasks 2. Left hemisphere ● Language ● Voluntary movement ● Problem solving

● Neurotransmitters and their functions Serotonin, dopamine, GABA, Glutamate, epinephrine,  norepinephrine, acetylcholine

acetylcholine

dopamine

Serotonin **

glutamate

causes muscles to contract, activates pain responses and regulates endocrine and REM sleep functions , (Muscle movement, memory, arousal, attention)

Feel good drug (Coordination of muscles movement, attention please(reward system))

regulate mood and social behavior, appetite and digestion, sleep, memory, and sexual desire and function. (Mood, appetite,aggression, sleep, turkey has alot

It is responsible for sending signals between nerve cells, and under normal conditions it plays an important role in learning and memory. (Excitatory- promotes

of serotonin)

neural communication(make s neurons fire)) *Learning and memory

GABA**

Norepnephrine **

Epinephrine

is involved in regulating communication between brain cells. The role of GABA is to inhibit or reduce the activity of the neurons or nerve cells.Oct Inhibitory_inhibits neural communication *Sleepp/wakefulness, fear/anxiety

-The general

more commonly known as adrenaline, is a hormone secreted by the medulla of the adrenal glands. Strong emotions such as fear or anger cause epinephrine to be released into the bloodstream, which causes an increase in heart rate, muscle strength, blood pressure, and sugar metabolism

ALCOHOL INTERACTS WITH GABA

function of norepinephrine is to mobilize the brain and body for action, is a naturally occurring catecholamine hormone that functions as a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system. Norepinephrine directly stimulates adrenergic receptors, important for attentiveness, emotions, sleeping, dreaming, and learning. Norepinephrine is also released as a hormone into the blood, where it causes blood vessels to contract and heart rate to increase. Norepinephrine plays a role in mood disorders such as

manic depression.

● Structures of the limbic system Emotional response, memory, motivation of species-typical behaviors (4 F’s, feeding, fleeing, fighting, forecanting) Hypothalamus-involved in fight or flight, below thalamus, regulates bodily processes, acts as an interface between nervous and endocrine system, via the pituitary gland Amygdala-involved in experience of emotion, tying emotional meaning to memories, fear and anger, motivates reactions to situations with biological significance, hungry see food amygdala turns one Hippocampus- have two, found in temporal lobes, learning and memory, spatial memory, short term memory to long term memory, H.M

Chapter 3 ● Sensation vs. perception ● Definitions, how they are related/different Sensation- occurs when sensory receptors detect sensory stimuli (it's only detected in eyes, ears, nose, mouth, skin)  erception-Organization, interpretation and conscious of stimuli, reaches brain and we P make meaning ■ We make meanings two ways. 1. Bottom-up processing- databases so we don't know and we are collecting the info and 2. Is top-down processingwhich is knowledge bases which we have experience already ● Olfaction ● How it’s a unique sense The organization and interpretation of sensory stimuli by the brain.

smell, when enough odor molecules attach to an olfactory receptor neuron, it fires sending messages to the olfactory bulb(top of nose) In the brain. From there the signal is sent to higher brain centers. 1.molecules in smell attach to receptors and rech olfactory bulb 2. Create olfactory nerve 3. Action potential happens. 4. Info is sent to limbic system(smell and memory is linked) and olfactory cortex (where smell is processed ) ● Taste (Another word for this) Gustation ● Hearing (Another word for this) Auditory ● Fast vs. slow pain fibers Fast: Responsible for conveying info about pain occurring in the muscles (specific place) the pain you need to know right away it goes fast (the axon has myelinated, which helps it go faster ) Slow: conveying info throughout the body, the axon is unmyelinated ● Gestalt- Perceptual organization the whole is different from the sum of its parts, Mind creates a perception (gestalt) that is more than/independent of the individual parts, We perceive things as a whole ● Know Gestalt principles such as proximity, closure, similarity, connectedness proximity, closure, similarity, connectedness

● Depth perception experiment in infants ability to perceive 3D objects and judge distances, all 36 wouldn't cross the dept part Chapter 4 ● Consciousness definition *The state of being aware of oneself, one’s thoughts, and/or the environment; includes various levels of conscious awareness *“Being aware of oneself, one’s thoughts, and/or the Environment, we have levels of consciousness

● Circadian rhythm ● What controls this? is a biological clock where where certain bodily processes happens, hypothalamus is involved, SCN regulated hormones (24 cycle, of daylight and darkness, physiological and behavioral functioning, its controlled by the light/sunlight and dark ● REM sleep ● Bodily characteristics REM is the last stage (5th) of sleep stages, Rapid eye movement (eyes are moving ), it's called active sleep and in this stage we become paralyzed (paradoxical sleep) ● Length of sleep cycles 90 minute cycles ● Relationship between alcohol and neurotransmitter(s) ● Know which neurotransmitter GABADepressants Suppresses it (Slows it down) *Alcohol *Barbiturates-sedative (make people sleepy), truth serum *Benzodiazepines-anti meds anxiety, xanax, valium,ect GABA agonist (increases gaba which slows down)

● Tolerance

symptoms & characteristics of one who has built a tolerance to a drug, keep increasing drug to get the same effect because you are tolerance ● Know symptoms & characteristics of one who has built a tolerance to a drug Applied question, Chapter 5

● Definition of learning Relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge resulting from experience Leads to changes in the brain, is conscious or unconscious ● Classical conditioning Learning process in which two stimuli become associated with each other; when an originally neutral stimulus is conditioned to elicit an involuntary response ● Understand the process (Pavlov) associating two stimulus Unconditioned- unlearned. automatic Conditioned learned US (Unconditioned stimulus)- c auses automatic/unlearned response. UR (Unconditioned Response)- u nlearned/automatic response. NS (Neutral stimulus)- s omething that doesn’t cause an automatic/unlearned response. CS (Conditioned stimulus)- p reviously NS that causes CR after pairing with US. CR (Conditioned Response)- l earned response to CS.

Acquisition: initial period of learning. Extinction: decrease in CR if US stops being paired with CS. Spontaneous Recovery:return of previously extinguished CR following a break.

● Operant conditioning Learning that occurs when voluntary actions become associated with their consequences. Positive and negative reinforcers,  associating behavior with its consequences ● Know the psychologist associated with it BF skinner and thorndike ● Be able to understand the differences between classical and operant conditioning Reinforcer –increases likelihood of a behavior. Positive:•High grades • Dog treats • Likes on social media Negative:•Seat belt beeping sound stops • Headache disappears after taking

aspirin Punishment– decreases likelihood of behavior. Positive:•Scolding student for texting in class. •Tongue burning after eating a hot pepper. Negative:•Taking away a child’s toy for misbehaving. •time out ● Observational learning says that we can learn from observing people do things but whether ot not a person engages in that action depends on 4 internal mental states. Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory: 1.Attention- are they even paying attention

2.Retention- can you retain (keep) it 3.Reproduction- can you reproduce (repeat it) it 4.Motivation- are you even motivated Vicarious Reinforcement- if the person saw model being rewarded they will most likely do action Vicarious Punishment- if the person saw the model being punished they would most likely not recreate the action ● Another name for this Social learning

Chapter 6

● Definition of memory Brain processes involved in the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. Encoding, storage, retrieval ● Types of memory ● Explicit/declarative, implicit, procedural, semantic

Explicit memory (they are memories you can state, declar, tell person about) 1. Semantic- General facts, ex. Presidents

2. Episodic- personal experiences- ex.Tell me about 7th birthday Implicit memory(not consciously remember boring how to do it just over time happened, like muscle memory ) 1. Procedures- how to's, example how to drive , so when we go into a car again we know what to do but its uncountusly ● Short-term memory capacity 7 +/-2 or in 30 seconds ● Massed practice vs. distributed practice In long term techniques massed practice- studying for long periods of time without break distributed practice- spreading out study sessions over time with break in between

Chapter 7 ● Definition of cognition (its an umbrella term ) *is the mental activity associated with obtaining, converting, and using knowledge *General mental operations. How we acquire, store, & use knowledge. (E.g., Perception, language, memory, intelligence). * we aren't aware we are doing this *any mental activity to aquair knowledge to store that

● Definition of intelligence “Intelligence is the global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with the environment.” --David Wechsler (innate ability to solve problems adapt to the environment and learn from experiences) (everyone had different def but this is the most agreed) ● Types of problem solving ● Insight, trial and error, heuristics, algorithms

*trial and error- r etry but it might take a lot of time and there might be high risks (bad times), example. Entering phone code we retry bit the ricks are high because it can lock *Insight-the aha! Moment, out of nowhere our brain gives is an insight hoe how to do it, we don't have control over this our brain can give it to use whenever it wants even a week after *Algorithms- step-by-step formula example, math formula, things in life doesn't have step by step formulas so we use working Algorithms and an example would be to pass a class you need to study, read, take notes, ect *Heuristics- (4 different ones) , is any approach to problem solving or self-discovery that employs a practical method

*mental shortcut (”rule of thumb”). * Means-end heuristic (how to reduce difference of where you are and where you  want to be, reduce little by little for now), example, at this point in life you decided you want to be a professional dancer, you have no experience ad it will not happen overnight, and a little closer to your goal is to be flexible because dancers are flexible and so you work on your flexibility and a month from now you will be closer to your goal, not a lot only a little, one thing you can do right now to reduce gap example, each week you are closer to los weight because eating healthy and exercising *Backward-working heuristic (working backwards from your goal, example, h yposisties and how can i prove this ) *Creating sub-goals- (sub goals to get closer to your actually goal, is similar to means-end  heuristic but means end you are not breaking everything down so you are  working slowly compared to sub goals) ● Types of concepts

● Formal, natural Formal- the mental representations of categories that are created through rigid and logical rules or features, rules,laws theorems, isosceles is a three sided polygon for everyone and they have a criteria so when you need to put the shape out you know its a three sided polygon with at least two equal length sides The mental representations of categories that are created through rigid and logical rules or features.

Natural- t he mental representations of categories resulting from experiences in daily life example, superhero, furniture, love will be different from someone else because your experiences with superhero might be different from others. The mental representations of categories resulting from experiences in daily life. Chapter 8

● Definition of development *A field of psychology that examines physical, cognitive, and socioemotional changes across the lifespan (Biopsychosocial perspective) ● Newborn senses •Vision is the least developed, blurry but show a preference for facelike patterns

● Age of fully developed brain in the mid 20s (25) ● Type of research methods in developmental psychology ● Cross sectional vs. longitudinal vs. cross sequential Cross sectional method- A research design that examines people of different ages at a single point in time. longitudinal method- A research design that examines one sample of people over a period of time to determine age-related changes

cross-sequential method- A research design that examines groups of people of different ages, following them across time

● Parenting Styles ● Differences in warmth; control. Authoritative- considered to be the best, very responsive to child's needs, very loving, caring but at the same time they will displend, rules that are reasonable and will explain why expectations there children, will help children respond to their own emotions to right way, let them have independence but with guidelines Authoritarian-lower in responsiveness, still setting rules and high expectations but to an extreme, tse are parents that are tough because i said so, they will not explain resonings, a lot of values in authority, alot of rules placed sometimes unreasonable, the problem is that it can escalate and punishment can happen, may be abusive, not really responsive to child needs, “i don't care what you want, linked to physical abuse” Permissive-very loving warm, anything goes, your the boss, barley anny guidles, rules, more like a friend than a parent Uninvolved- they don't care, not getting any rules or guidelines, neglectful, linked to emotional abuse ● Piaget’s Stages and terms ● Sensorimotor, preoperational, egocentrism, conservation

Sensorimotor Stage Birth –2 years

(Uses sensory & motor skills to learn about world. Develops object permanence) ● The reason it's called sensorimotor stage is because in this stage infants are primary using sensory skills, mainly mouth ● Motor and sensory skill to learn of world ● 8 months of life motor skills are very limited and can't do much, alot of action they do id ccus something interesting comes out of ot(example, keep radaling radeler cus of sound)

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Older than 8 months motor start to develop they can crawl, maybe pull themselves up Now they start to perform behavior up with action gold in mind because they are trying to achieve something Object permanence starts to develop which is the recognition of just because you can’t see something doesn’t mean it’s not there realizing that they can see it but probably still exists example kids who love peekaboo still don’t develop this but if they try to find you and then they have developed it another example is if a child wakes up and asked for their siblings and they have developed it now

Preoperational Stage 2-7 years

(Uses symboli...