PSY 360 Final Study Guide PDF

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Final Exam Study Guide Psychology 360

What are the conditions necessary to conclude that an act is altruistic? Altruism: unselfish behavior that benefits others without regard to the consequences for the self Truly Altruistic Behavior Must Have: a. Empathy: identifying with another person and feeling and understanding what that person is experiencing b. One day old infants heard crying of self (taped), an 11 month old and a one-day old (one day old other brought about the most crying in the baby) c. Empathy-Based Altruism: especially tricky to demonstrate; Batson has an especially imaginative approach - First experimentally manipulates empathy; creates situations where the person is made to feel like or especially able to relate to the person requiring assistance - He then experimentally creates situations where egoistic motives would lead to little if no helping - In these cases, if helping does occur, he concludes it is the result of empathy based or pure altruism d. Study One: taking shocks for someone else e. Study Two: poor, lonely Janet Darley and Latane’s 5 step model. The case of Kitty Genovese Darley and Latane’s 5 Step Model: inspired by the Kitty Genovese tragedy, John Darley and Bibb Latane carried out a program of research that utilized the model presented on the left Step 1: Notice the Emergency (if no – did not help) Step 2: Define it as Emergency (if no – did not help) Step 3: Take Responsibility (if no – did not help) Step 4: Decide How to Help (if no – did not help) Step 5: Implement Way to Help -

This research showed that the presence of others affects each step of the helping model

Diffusion of responsibility Diffusion of Responsibility (Bystander Effect): a reduction in a sense of urgency to help someone involved in an emergency or dangerous situation under the assumption that others who are also observing the situation will help Pluralistic Ignorance

Pluralistic Ignorance: bystanders may do nothing if they are not sure what is happening and do not see anyone else responding Latane and Darley’s (1970) room filling with smoke experiment 1. When person was by themselves: notice very quickly, run over to door, feel if handle was hot, check for fire, run down the hallway and tell the experimenter; when two confederates were in room: real participant is always in the middle, takes them a while to notice, then keep looking back and forth to confederates, but does nothing 2. Instances where room was so full of smoke that the participant was forced to wipe smoke away from paper so they could continue to take the survey 3. When asked about their thoughts of the survey, they said there was some sort of “haze” (trying to define the situation as a non-emergency) Self report of attitudes and issues related to that method of measuring attitudes

Sleeper effect Sleeper Effect: describes the way that a message, when paired with some sort of discounting cue, has a delayed impact on the recipient Example: Hovland & Weiss (1951): participants rated the likelihood that a nuclear powered submarine would be built in the near future (they did not exist at the time) -

a. Five days later read a persuasive appeal by: Oppenheimer (credible physicist) Pravda journalist (propaganda newspaper of former Soviet Union) Oppenheimer was more influential b. Four weeks later: interestingly, the people who read the Pravda journalist shifted their attitudes to believe in the nuclear powered submarine

Cognitive Dissonance Foot in the door technique Foot in the Door Technique: getting a person to agree to a large request by first securing a modest request, then slowly building up a. Classic Study (Freeman & Fraser 1966): had some people sign a petition for safe driving, others did not. b. Two weeks later: “will you put an ugly, large, “Drive Safely” sign in your front yard?” c. Results: those who signed the petition were more likely to do it Door in the face technique Door in the Face Technique (“The Old Give and Take”): make a ridiculously large request followed by a smaller one – you are more likely to get the smaller one because the person making the request is perceived as having made concessions and you must reciprocate

a. Big Small: people were asked to become a Big Brother/Big Sister for two hours per week for two years (no one agreed), then asked if they would chaperone kids on one trip to the zoo) (compliance – 50%) The principle of reciprocity

The use of fear in persuasion Stanford Prison Study Central/peripheral route processing Persuasion: there are two routes to persuasion (think of two routes as Thoughtful and Mindless) a. Central Route: here the person is analytical, motivated to process the message, puts forth higher effort, elaborates upon arguments, counter-argues b. Peripheral Route: not analytical, low involvement, low effort, use heuristics or peripheral cues...