PSY 2012 study guide PDF

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Study guide for the final exam in PSY 2012...

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1. What is the definition of contemporary (meaning current/modern) Psychology? We now define psychology as the science of behavior and mental processes. 2. Explain each of these thoroughly: Basic vs. Applied Research Difference between Clinical Psychologists and Psychiatrists- include who is a medical doctor, and who can prescribe medications. • Basic Research- builds psychology’s knowledge base. Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base. • Applied Research- tackling practical problems. Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems. • Clinical Psychologists-assess and treat people with mental, emotional, and behavior disorders. A branch of psychology that studies, assesses ad treats people with psychological disorders. Both counseling and clinical psychologists administer and interpret tests, provide counseling and therapy, and sometimes conduct basic and applied research. • Psychiatrists- also may provide psychotherapy, are medical doctors licensed to prescribe drugs and otherwise treat physical causes of psychological disorders. A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who are licensed to provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy. 3. What is psychology’s biggest and most persistent issue? Are our human traits inherited, or do they develop through experience? This has been psychology’s biggest and most persistent issue. (Nature vs nuture)

The answers to the questions in this assignment come from: Chapter 14 Personality Module material including your results on the Jung Typology Test (linked in the Jung Module) and the Big Five Questionnaire (linked in the Trait Theories Module). 1. Define each of these terms in 1-2 sentences each: Personality- our characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting; an individual’s characteristic of thinking, feeling, and acting. Traits- people’s characteristic behaviors and conscious motives; a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act in certain ways, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

Factor Analysis- a statistical procedure that identifies clusters (factors) of test items that tap basic components of a trait (McCabe & Fleeson, 2016). Social Cognitive Theory of Personality- conditioning and observational learning interact with cognition to create behavior patterns; our behavior in one situation is best predicted by considering our past behavior in similar situations. 2. What is at the core of the Psychoanalytic Perspective? (Explain). Who first developed this perspective? 

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The Central Idea of this psychoanalytic perspective is the idea that our personality and behavior are greatly influenced by the presence of a dynamic unconscious. Dynamic meaning active and ever- changing and unconscious meaning outside of our direct, conscious awareness. Sigmund Freud first developed this perspective. 3. Define the Id, Ego, and Superego.

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Id- a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives; the id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

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Ego- the largely conscious “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality; the ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

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Superego- the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgements (the conscience) and for future aspirations.

4. What is at the core of the Humanistic Perspective? (Explain). Who were its pioneers? 

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It emphasized the ways people strive for self-determination and self-realization. They studied people through their own self-reported experiences and feelings. Actualizing tendency. The pioneers were Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. 5. What were your 4 personality types on the Jung Typology Test. List and describe what each of your 4 types means. Do you think the types you got on this Jung Typology Test are accurate (they fit you)? Why or why not? (Remember you will get a 4 letter type on the Jung Typology Test. You need to explain each of your 4).

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Introvert- a shy, reticent person; People who are introverted tend to be inward turning, or focused more on internal thoughts, feelings and moods rather than seeking out external stimulation

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Sensing- relies on the senses the most; thinking about what is happening in their immediate environment; what they can see, smell, taste, and hear.

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Feeling- subjective; make decisions based on principles and values and ruled by their heart instead of their head; judge situations and others based on feelings and extenuating circumstances.

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Judging- want things to be neat, orderly, and established. I think the types I got on this test are very accurate. I believe this because the definitions match what I have always thought of myself. I have always considered myself as an introvert and to see it as the highest result on the test, confirms my thoughts. I often keep to myself and tend to focus on what I can sense and my feelings often come in the way. The judging part is very accurate because I am constantly stressing for

things to be in place and I cannot do anything unless it is neat and has a good establishment. 6. What were your scores on each of the Five Factors on the Big Five Questionnaire. Describe what each of your scores means. Do you think that these scores are accurate (they fit you)? Why or why not? Be sure to address you scores on all 5 factors and what your scores mean. 

Extraversion-1- Meaning that I drift more towards the introverted side. Introverts lack the exuberance, energy, and activity levels of extraverts. They tend to be quiet, low-key, deliberate, and disengaged from the social world. Their lack of social involvement should not be interpreted as shyness or depression; the introvert simply needs less simulation than an extravert and prefers to be alone. The independence and reserve of the introvert is sometimes mistaken as unfriendliness or arrogance. In reality, an introvert who scores high on the agreeableness dimension will not seek others out but will be quite pleasant when approached.

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Agreeableness-89-Agreeableness reflects individual differences in concern with cooperation and social harmony. Agreeable individuals w]value getting along with others. They are therefore considerate, friendly, generous, helpful, and willing to compromise their interests with others’. Agreeable people also have an optimistic view of human nature. They believe people are basically honest, decent, and trustworthy.

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Conscientiousness-81-Conscientiousness concerns the way we control, regulate, and direct our impulses. Impulses are not inherently bad; occasionally time constraints require a snap decision, and acting on our first impulse can be an effective. Also, in times of play rather than work, acting spontaneously and impulsively can be fun. Impulsive individuals can be seen by others as colorful, fun-to-be-with, and zany.

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Neuroticism-99-Neuroticism may experience primarily one specific negative feeling such as anxiety, anger, and depression, but are likely to experience several of these emotions. People high in neuroticism are emotionally reactive. They respond emotionally to events that would not affect most people, and their reactions tend to be more intense than normal. They are more likely to interpret ordinary situations as threatening, and minor frustrations as hopelessly difficult. Their negative emotional reactions tend to persist for unusually long periods of time, which means they are often in a bad mood. These problems in emotional regulation can diminish a neurotic’s ability to think clearly, make decisions, and cope effectively with stress.

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Openness to Experience-21-People with low scores on openness to experience tend to have narrow, common interests. They prefer the plain, straightforward, and obvious over the complex, ambiguous, and subtle. They may regard the arts and sciences with suspicion, regarding these endeavors as abstruse or of no practical use. Closed people prefer familiarity over novelty; they are conservative and resistant to change.

7. Turn on your TV, phone or computer and watch the next 3 commercials from any show or video. Write down what each of these commercials is for. Then, look at Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. For each commercial, discuss what level of the Hierarchy the commercial is geared towards satisfying. For each commercial, identify the level on the hierarchy that the commercial is aimed to fulfil and describe how the commercial does this. 

A commercial for the show Fixer Upper- This is aimed towards the level of self-actualization. Self-actualization is achieving one’s full potential, including creative activities. This commercial does this because the show is all about creative activities and the people in it go to their full potential.

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Hello Fresh commercial- This commercial is aimed towards physiological needs. It is about food which physiological needs is about food and water.

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A commercial for Planters Peanuts- Physiological needs once again due to the fact that the commercial is about food. 1. What is learning? Learning is the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors. 2. What are the 3 types of Learning?

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Classical Conditioning

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Operant Conditioning

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Observational Learning 3. Define each of these in relation to Behaviorism and Learning: Generalization- the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. (In operant conditioning, generalization occurs when responses learned in one situation occur in other, similar situations.) Discrimination-in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. (In operant conditioning, the ability to distinguish responses that are reinforced from similar responses that are not reinforced.) Extinction-the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. Spontaneous Recovery- the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. Reinforcement- in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. Punishment-an event that tends to decrease the behavior it follows.

4. What is the difference between Operant and Classical Conditioning? Explain thoroughly. Classical Conditioning is a type of conditioning that causes an involuntary, automatic response. It is a type of learning in which we link two or more stimuli as a result, to illustrate with Pavlov’s classic experiment, the first stimulus (a tone) comes to elicit behavior (drooling) in anticipation of the second stimuli (food). Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which a behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to recur if followed by a punisher. Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are both forms of associative learning, yet their differences are straightforward. Classical conditioning forms association between stimuli (a CS and the US is signals). It also involves respondent behavior- automatic responses to a stimulus (such as salivating in response to meat powder and later in response to a tone). In operant conditioning, organisms associate their own actions with consequences. Actions followed by reinforcers increase; those followed by punishments often decrease. Behavior that operates on the environment to produce rewarding or punishing stimuli is called operant behavior.

5. What is Observational Learning? Observational learning is learning by observing others. 6. Discuss one finding from the Bobo Doll Experiment (see video clip). When you see someone doing something violent, you seem to do the same violent acts, almost copying them. How we learn changes as we mature. We identify with other people. 7. How did Sheldon try to condition Penny? (See video clip). Explain clearly. What type of conditioning was this? He tries to be nice to Penny and continues to offer her chocolate. Every time Penny does something correct, he uses chocolate as a positive reinforcement. It is operant conditioning. 8. Jim tried to classically condition Dwight (See video clip). What were Jim's Conditioned Stimulus and Conditioned Response?  

Conditioned Stimulus- The bell on his computer Conditioned Response- Expectation/wanting of an Altoid

Which of the psychotherapy models appeals to you the most and why? In your answer be sure to use the concepts and techniques of the model to support your answer. Be sure your answer demonstrates understanding of the model. The psychotherapy model that appeals the most to me is cognitive psychotherapy. The presumed problem of this is self-harmful thoughts and behaviors. The aim for this therapy is to promote healthier thinking and adaptive behaviors. How they do this is by using techniques such as training people to counter self-harmful thoughts and to act out of their new ways of thinking. Cognitive therapies assume that our thinking colors our feelings. This model appeals to me the most because it is something I have had to deal with in the past. I have had harmful thoughts and I have tried to counteract them with healthier and happier thoughts, just as cognitive psychotherapy does also. It also appeals to me because it is something that has become a major topic in our society today. Every day there is news about people committing self-harming behaviors and expressing their thoughts online. With cognitive psychotherapy, it helps to control this and try to make people a better version of themselves.

From the modules and chapter 15

1. What are Anxiety Disorders? The anxiety disorders are marked by distressing, persistent anxiety or by dysfunctional anxiety-reducing behaviors. Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety. 

Generalized anxiety disorder

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Panic disorder

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Phobias

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Agoraphobia

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Specific Phobias

2. Describe what a Phobia is. Phobias, in which a person is intensely and irrationally afraid of a specific object, activity, and situation. An anxiety disorder marked by persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation. An object or situation provokes immediate and irrational fear and is actively avoided or endured with intense fear

and anxiety. The fear is out of proportion. Causes significant distress or impaired functioning. 

Animal

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Natural Environment

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Blood-Injection-Injury

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Situational

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Other

3. What are the symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder? It is marked by excessive and uncontrollable worry that persists for six months or more. An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. Experiencing it for at least 6 months, having excessive worry and anxiety across time and situations, being distressed due to constant worry, and having difficulty controlling the worry. 4. What are Mood Disorders? Mood disorders are the mental disorders whose essential feature is a disturbance of mood manifested by episodes of manic, hypomanic, or depressive symptoms, or some combination of these. The two major categories are bipolar disorders and depressive disorders. 5. What are the symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder? Major depressive disorder occurs when at least five signs of depression (including either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure) last two or more weeks. A disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. 6. What are the symptoms of Bipolar Disorder? -inflated self-esteem/grandiosity -decreased need for sleep -distractibility -irritability

-excessive involvement in activities that have a high potential for harmful consequences -fewer sexual inhibitions -positive emotions persist abnormally -speech is loud, flighty, and hard to interrupt -find advice irritating -need protection from their poor judgement 7. What is Schizophrenia? What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is a persistent, chronic, debilitating disorder due to a chemical imbalance in brain chemistry. It can partially treated or managed to some degree with medications, but it cannot be cured yet. The person will experience psychotic episodes throughout their life. This disorder causes a great deal of suffering. A disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or inappropriate emotional expression.  

Presence of Hallucinations AND Delusions (they experience both) Decrease/loss of some functions, known as the Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia -Loss of Attention -Loss of Meaningful Language -Loss of Appropriate Expression of Emotions -Loss of Productive Behavior

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Disturbed perception and beliefs

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Disorganized speech

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Diminished and inappropriate emotions 8. Do you think Lisa (case study in the module) was potentially dangerous to others? Why or why not-- explain. I think she was potentially dangerous to others because she talks about protecting herself with a knife and she is extremely fidgety and all over the place. If someone were to find her in the shed, they could be in serious danger. She also is not taking her medication and it is showing. She listens to the voices in her head. 9. Read the Written Case Studies found in the Module materials and determine the diagnosis for each case:

Diagnosis Case Study 1 Sally: Persistent Depressive Disorder Case Study 2 Kathy: Generalized Anxiety Disorder Case Study 3 Ken: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Case Study 4 Mark: Schizophrenia PART ONE Neurons and Messages Draw a color diagram of a neuron. Do not use a computer. Use paper and pencils or markers rather than electronic graphics. Include and handwrite labels for the following parts: Soma, Axon, Dendrite, Myelin Sheath, Terminal Button, Synapses. On the bottom of the piece of paper, write out a key for your diagram in which you list these parts and their function. Take a picture of your drawing with your phone or scan it to a pdf or jpeg file type. Upload the file.

PART TWO Lobes of the Brain Draw a color diagram of the lobes of the brain: Occipital, Parietal, Temporal, and Frontal. Also identify Broca’s Area, Weirnicke’s Area, the Motor Cortex and Visual Cortex. Be sure to hand write label these parts: Occipital, Parietal, Temporal, and Frontal Lobes, Broca’s Area, Weirnicke’s Area, Motor Cortex and Visual Cortex. Also, write out a key for your diagram in which you list these parts and their functions. Take a picture of your drawing with your phone or scan it to a pdf or jpeg file type. Upload the file.

PART THREE Define each of these and briefly explain what it does: Neuroplasticity-describes lasting change to the brain throughout an individual’s life course.