PSY 730 Personality Assessment Midterm Study guide PDF

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730 Study guide: 1.

Know which authors are associated with which measures a. Galton – Personality Questionnaire, Mental Image Tests, Word Association Test b. Cattell – create the company that became Pearson c. Binet – Binet Intelligence Test d. Woodworth – Personal Data Sheet e. Morgan, Mull, and Washburn – Measure of Cheerfulness vs Depression f. Allport – Personality types, personality traits, personality factors

2.

Familiarity with origins/roots of personality testing a. Psychoanalytic and Gestalt b. 30s projective c. 40s MMPI

3.

Familiarity with construction of the MMPIs and rationales for changes/updates (e.g. authors, positives and negative of norm groups, goals of revisions) a. MMPI – Hathaway and McKinley, intention was diagnostic assessment b. MMPI 2 – Butcher, Dahlstrom, and Graham; Maintain continuity b/w versions, Contemporary and heterogenous norm group, Review and improve item pool to generate new scales c. MMPI RF – alternative vs replacement, broader in nature

4.

What are the MMPI validity scales, what do they do and how well do they do it a. MMPI: ? (cannot say), F, L, K b. MMPI 2: CNS - ? (cannot say), VRIN, TRIN; overreporting – F, FB, FP; Underreporting – L, K, S c. MMPI RF: CNS (cannot say), VRIN, TRIN, F, FP, FS, FBS, RBS, L, K

5.

Familiarity with MMPI Clinical and RC scales (e.g. what abbreviations stand for and overarching/general understanding of what the scales measure/what elevations suggest [not necessarily the individual descriptors])

a. 1 Hs – hypochondrium i. Assess people presenting with hypochondrium ii. 70-80 chronic pain patients iii. Above 60: nonspecific but excessive body concerns iv. Above 80: somatic delusions likely, more bizarre complaints b. 2 D – depression i. Assess depressive symptoms, good indictor of dissatisfaction with situation ii. 60-70: indicative of general involvement and poor attitude iii. Above 70: indicative of depression c. 3 Hy – hysteria i. Assess hysterical reactions to stress 1. Involuntary loss of physical functioning without medical explanation ii. Correlated with scale 1 iii. 60-70: characteristic of classical hysteria iv. 70-80: chronic pain patients v. Above 80: indicative of classic hysteria d. 4 Pd – psychopathy deviate i. Diagnose people with psychopathic personality or antisocial or amoral types 1. Graham: measure of rebellion ii. Above 75: antisocial, criminal behavior evident iii. Moderate score shows good amount of rebellion in socially desirable ways e. 5 Mf – masculine and femininity i. Assess presence of non-traditional traits in men and women ii. High scores show deviation from traditional gender roles iii. Low scores show acceptance of traditional gender roles 1. Scores are reversed based on gender f. 6 Pa – paranoia

i. Identify individual exhibiting significant paranoid symptomology ii. 60-70: not common iii. 65: does not mean clear psychotic symptoms endorsed iv. Above 70: may indicate notable paranoia experiences g. 7 Pt – psychasthenia, similar to OCD i. Measure of the construct as it existed at the time of the MMPI ii. Assess compulsions, obsessions, unreasonable fears, and excessive doubt h. 8 Sc – schizophrenia i. Assess schizophrenia ii. Above 75: likely to have a psychotic disorder i. 9 Ma – hypomania i. Assess symptoms of hypomania ii. Above 80: has manic symptoms j. 0 Si – social introversion i. Measures social withdrawal ii. Lower scores mean the person is more extroverted and sociable 6.

Familiarity with the purpose and appropriate use of the Harris-Lingoes, Content, and RC scales of the MMPI-2 (with the exception of the RC scales you do not need to know names of scales more so just structure and how these work with Clinical Scales) a. Harris Lingoes i. Intent of H-L = specified interpretation for scale elevation 1. Useful in interpreting marginal elevations (60-70T). ii. Descriptors based on content of items 1. Limited research on associated symptoms, behaviors and traits with these scales iii. Only used w/ Clinical Scale elevation 1. Do not interpret in absence of clinical elevation on parent scale (T > 65)

2. Interpretation should be limited to trying to understand why high scores have been obtained on the parent scales! iv. Low scores not interpreted v. Be aware of scale ceilings 1. Hy1 and Pd3 b. Content Scales i. Add to prediction of extratest characteristics of clinical scales ii. Should be used with Clinical Scale to describe elevation iii. Allows for clearer differentials 1. Better at understanding emotional issues of brain injured patients than clinical scales 2. Good at differentiation of schizophrenia and depression iv. Similar Scales 1. Scale 1 (Hy) and HEA –Health concerns 2. Scale 0 (Si) and SOD – Social comfort v. Dissimilar Scales 1. Scale 2 and DEP – low corr, not interchangeable vi. More Specified Scales-Address more specifically extratest characteristics attributed to clinical scales 1. WRK,TRT, BIZ, ANG vii. Has been suggested that these scales primarily assess social desirability and acquiescence response sets 1. Might not want to use if someone is defensive or malingering in their responses c. RC Scales i. Interpret as a supplement to the Clinical Scales ii. In the presence of elevation or non-elevation of clinical scales 1. T > 65 Considered elevated 2. T < 40 in some cases interpretable iii. Address the issue of inter-correlations evident across most scales 1. Prime factor of the MMPI-2 is maladjustment

iv. Increases the specificity of the clinical scales v. Demoralization 1. Indicates overall level of emotional discomfort 2. Above 75: significant emotional discomfort and helplessness vi. Somatic Complaints 1. Assess physical complaints 2. Most similar to parent scale 3. Elevation interpretation is similar to Scale 1 interpretation vii. Low Positive Emotion 1. Level of positive emotional experiences and a core of depression 2. Good indicator for risk of depression viii. Cynicism 1. Least like parent scale 2. High: untrustworthy, uncaring, self-involved 3. Low: naïve, gullible, over trusting ix. Antisocial Behavior 1. Focused more on acts and behavior 2. Non-conformist, aggressive, legal issues, poor family relationships, and substance issues likely 3. Less than 39: excessive behavioral constraint x. Ideas of Persecution 1. Mistrust of others and paranoia 2. 65: controlled, targeted, victimized – people are taking advantage of me 3. 75: more delusional and psychotic thinking 4. RC 6 Low - Scale 6 High a. Parent elevation is more due to demoralization than paranoia

b. Discouragement – people will always be after me, I will also have a bad run xi. Dysfunctional emotional thinking 1. Anxious disposition – above 65 2. Anxious irritable, intrusive thoughts, likely to report depression, excessively sensitive, ruminating/brooding xii. Aberrant experiences 1. Motor, sensory, perceptual, and cognitive disturbances that likely impair functioning 2. 65-74: more schizotypal – hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior 3. 75: more likely schizophrenia or psychotic disorder xiii. Hypomanic Activation 1. Similar to scale 2. 60-70: extraversion with high energy 3. 65: hypomanic 4. 75: manic episode xiv. Elevation Patterns 1. Elevations on Clinical + RC – common a. Aids in interpretive specificity 2. Clinical elevated – RC not elevated a. Be conservative in interpreting as core construct b. Clinical elevated possibly reflects demoralization c. Expect high(er) RCd 3. Clinical not elevated –RC elevated a. Core construct interpretation appropriate b. Likely RCd low d. Greatest % of interpretive power on the MMPI-2 comes, by far, from the clinical scales and the profile configuration. e. H-L, Content, Critical Items and Supplementary scale should be used in conjunction w/ clinical scales and to enhance specificity of interpretation

7.

How the RC scales on the MMPI-2 differ from the Clinical scales a. demoralization

8.

Familiarity with similarities and differences of the MMPI-2-RF scales compared to the MMPI-2. a. Pros and cons

9.

Understanding of the relationship of the MMPI-2-RF scales with each other.

10.

The rationale for the development of the PAI a. Intended as objective assessment of personality and psychopathology i. General evaluation b. Inform on important patient variables/characteristics in a clinical setting i. Tx planning and implementation c. Construct Validation Framework i. Rational and Quantitative construction 1. Rational component was theory driven 2. Quantitative component focused on stability and correlation

11.

The psychometric strengths and weaknesses of the PAI a. Theory driven b. Likert scale c. Lower reading level, ease of interpretation d. Decrease correlations between scales, minimize overlap e. Shorter, better at detecting faking bad, BPD and PTSD i. Both are better at detecting faking bad than good f. Scales match what that want to measure g. Weakness: not as researched

12.

The PAI validity scales and purpose of these scales in clinical practice

13.

The components that comprise the clinical scales, i.e., what do the subscales measure, familiarity with abbreviations and subscales

14.

Familiarity with the PAI supplemental indices

15.

What, in general, elevations on each PAI clinical scale suggest [Not specific descriptors]

16.

What, in general, the NEO measures a. Answer honest and accurate? b. Answer all items? i. < 41 responses – score as neutral ii. > 3 missing from facet-interp tentatively c. Marked in correct space?

17.

Primary settings and usages of the NEO a. Industry, counseling, family, law enforcement b. Measures of normative personality functioning c. Attempt to bridge personality and applied psychology d. Real life applications i. Academic success, Managerial effectiveness, Degree of creativity, Medical compliance

18.

Familiarity with structure of the NEO relationship of domain and facet scales

19.

General understanding of the rational, intention and procedures for projective techniques. a. Nature of the projective technique: i. Unstructured/ ambiguous stimuli ii. Person “projects” personality b. Reveals covert, latent, and unconscious aspects of personality i. Global approach vs. Separate traits

20.

Familiarity with main scoring domains (what they are) of the Rorschach inkblot a. Location, determinant, content

21.

Familiarity with strengths and weaknesses of Rorschach. a. Strengths i. Bypasses person’s conscious resistance ii. Possible resistance to faking iii. Ease of administration iv. Potential wealth of information v. Applicable to diverse groups

b. Weaknesses i. Scoring and interpretation are time consuming and complicated ii. Variable reliability and validity iii. Easy for error to be introduced iv. Extensive training (some recommend two full semesters of graduate training) v. Limited use for children (especially under 14) vi. Many variables can lead to spurious effects 22.

Purpose and value of feedback a. Feedback “movement” posited several patient benefits to feedback: i. Increase Self Esteem ii. Increased Follow Through/Commitment to Therapy iii. Increased Hope iv. Decrease Feelings of Isolation v. Decreased Symptom Severity vi. Greater Self Awareness vii. Improved View of the Field b....