HDE Final Study Guide PDF

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HDE 12 Study guide...

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Topic 10: Sexuality in Childhood and Adolescence (ch.11 / learnsmart module) & Lecture – remaining material since last exam: Chapter Learning Objectives Sexuality in Adolescence • Understand the processes of puberty for both boys and girls. o What are primary vs. secondary sex characteristics? When do they develop for boys and girls? ● Primary sex characteristics refer to changes to the sexual organs themselves (uterus, vagina, penis, and testes). Secondary sex characteristics refer to other visible changes that mark adult maturation such as changes in height and body shape. ● Secondary Characteristics- physical characteristics that indicate pubertal development other than genitalia development. Ex: growth spurt, body hair growth, changes in body contours, breast development, deepening of the voice, and enlargement of the external genitals are all a result of increasing levels of sex hormones in the pubescent individual. Boys Puberty

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Girls Puberty

s o What influences differences in timing of puberty? (e.g. early, on-time, late maturers) ● (Lecture) Depends on an interaction between your genes and Environmental Influences: Nutrition, health, chemicals ● Timing of physical changes varies by Region of the World, Socioeconomic class, ethnic group, historical era ● The age of menarche is determined by a collection of factors including heredity, ethnicity, nutrition, and body fat. The age of menarche dropped dramatically in the 20th century, though the range seems to have remained relatively stable in the last 40 years or so. We refer to this decline in age as the secular trend. Researchers attribute the downward trend in the age of menarche to such factors as improved childhood nutrition and stress due to parental divorce and other family problems. ● Ethnic differences in pubertal timing- pediatric studies have tended to reveal evidence of significant ethnic variation in menarche for girls (Chumlea et al., 2003; Herdt & McClintock, 2000). For example, the population of African American girls typically reaches menarche at an

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earlier age than the populations of White American and Hispanic American girls in the United States. o How does timing of puberty affect boys and girls? ● With regard to timing, delayed puberty may be problematic for boys. They may experience some internal distress, such as insecure feelings, over the delay. Additionally, research has confirmed that precocious puberty can be problematic for boys (Ge et al., 2001). They may display high levels of externalized hostility and internalized distress. ● Precocious puberty, which is puberty that occurs several years before the average age in a given society. In most developed nations, precocious puberty begins at age 9 or before. When a girl experiences menarche this young, she often looks much older than her peers. This apparent maturity can attract the attention of older adolescents, which places her at risk for engagement in early sexual activity (Ge, Conger, & Elder, 1996). It also places her at a higher risk for earlier related sexual issues, including an increased chance of unintended pregnancy (Schuler et al., 2008). In addition, she may experience emotional states like depression, low selfesteem, and anxiety associated with pubertal development as a result of an increasingly complex environment that exposes adolescents to a variety of stressors and challenges • Describe the common sexual behaviors of adolescence (see table 11.4 in textbook as well as discussed in lecture), including same-sex experiences. o What does “technical” virginity mean? ● A belief that one can engage in sexual behaviors, including oral and anal sex, and still maintain the state of virginity by abstaining from vaginal intercourse.

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I o Understand coital vs. non-coital behaviors ● Noncoital sexual behaviors, erotic sexual behaviors that exclude intercourse, are another milestone in the sexual development of adolescents. To maintain their technical virginity, adolescents often feel free to engage in noncoital sexual expression to connect with one another. Necking, petting, mutual masturbation, and making out are all ways in which adolescents begin to express their sexuality and erotic feelings while maintaining some safety with regard to pregnancy. ● Coital: penile-vaginal penetration o Understand the influences / reasons for adolescent sexual intercourse ● Biological Influence of acceleration of sex hormones ● Socio-emotional Influences of curiosity and self perceived “readiness”, push to be adult-like, affection for partner, peer pressure/date pressure ● (book) It is common today for adolescents in long-term relationships to say they engage in intercourse because they feel a close connection to their romantic partner and desire a deeper connection or further intimacy with that individual. Some adolescents, however, want to engage in adult sexual behavior or satisfy their sexual curiosity, both of which may result in casual sexual relationships rather than intimate ones o Understand same sex experiences for adolescents ○ Experimental or transitory same-sex sexual contact between peers --> most common

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○ 6-11% of girls report having same-sex sexual contact during adolescent years ○ 11-14% of boys report having same-sex sexual contact during adolescent years. ○ Some individuals may begin to self-identify as lesbian, gay, and bisexual in teen years ● often experience negative societal reactions ● reconciling orientation can be difficult -- are often rejected by peers and family o Understand the sexual health issues for adolescent Effect of AIDS during Adolescence – 20% of AIDS cases contracted in teen years – Most teens do not think they are at risk – Adolescent belief in invulnerability – “it won’t happen to me” – Condoms viewed more as birth control than as STI/STD protection ● U.S.Teen Pregnancy Rates: highest teen pregnancy rates in Western world ● 1 in 5 sexually active teens becomes pregnant each year Impact of pregnancy ● Negative effects on teen mother and baby’s physical health ● Lower socioeconomic status and less educational achievement ● Lower quality of parenting Teens are less likely to use birth control correctly-->Why? ● – Lack of adequate knowledge ● – For some, planning ahead implies loose morals ● – Fear of pelvic exam ● – Embarrassment ● – Confidentiality concerns ● – Less stable relationships ● – Difficulty communicating with partner Teens more likely to use birth control effectively if: ● – able to communicate with parent ● – in stable relationship ● – feel competent and have good self-esteem ● – have families which stress personal responsibility – have access to BC information ■ Because teens may feel overwhelmed when gathering information about contraceptive methods, they have some misconceptions about them. These misconceptions often relate to how a particular device works. For example, many individuals are unaware that a diaphragm must be left in place for at least 8 hours after intercourse to maximize its effectiveness.

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Confidentiality is another major concern. Teenagers may feel anxious about talking to their family physician about contraception. o Why are adolescents at higher risks for pregnancies and STI/STDs? (review slides on own, including textbook) ● For one thing, teenagers are not using contraceptives effectively (CDC National Center for Health Statistics, 2010). Even more disconcerting is that most teenagers do not use contraception during the first several times they engage in sexual intercourse. ● Important to note though that the teenage pregnancy rate is slowly declining and is now 50% of what it was in 1990 and teenagers are now more likely to use contraceptives than they were 10-20 years ago Sexuality in Context: The Role of Institutions ● Describe the major sources of sexual socialization for children and explain how each of them influences an individual’s sexual development. ○ The family remains the most important and most consistent factor in sexual socialization ○ Peers: Although it appears that children and adolescents prefer their parents to be the source of sexual information (Somers & Surmann, 2004), the majority of parents fail to engage in meaningful conversations about sex with their children. ○ It is understandable, then, that children and adolescents turn to their friends for answers to their questions about sex. They may communicate inaccurate or incomplete information on which young people then base their decisions and sexual values ○ Media: We know less about the effects of media on children than we do about the effects on adults (Carlsson, 2006; Ybarra & Mitchell, 2005). Magazines, books, music, videos, movies, television, video games, and the Internet all include references to sexuality, violence, and gender roles, to name a few. Children in the United States are bombarded with adult-themed sexuality in the media, which robs them of the experience of self-motivated sexual exploration or age-appropriate exposure to sexual information ○ Identify the best programs available for sex education in schools (consider other cultures compared to the U.S.) ○ abstinence-only education is ineffective in delaying the onset of sexual behavior and in preventing STIs and unintended pregnancies ○ young people need sexual education that effectively furthers their sense of sexual health and well-being, and enables them to protect themselves against STIs, pregnancy, and sexual violence. ○ 3 types: Abstinence Only, Comprehensive, and Youth Development ○ Research shows that comprehensive sex education programs (best option): • do not increase sexual experimentation • do increase sexual restraint in some cases • do decrease high-risk behavior

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○ The last category is youth development and it uses a holistic approach, no talk about sexuality here just focuses on satisfying basic needs including a sense of structure and safety ○ o When should you talk to children about bodies, puberty, and/or sex? (review slides on own, including textbook) ■ When they ask about things! Young People’s Rights and Sexual Well-Being • Evaluate how to protect young people’s well-being while protecting their right to have sexual relationships. - Age of consent laws protect young people from sexual violence and abuse - Young people’s sexual well-being requires respect from couples for their rights as individual to engage in intimate relationship, as well as, protection from sexual violence and abuse - Recognized the importance of sex education - Age of consent in California is 18 Topic 11: Sexuality in Adulthood and Later Life (chapter. 12 / learnsmart module) & Lecture Chapter Learning Objectives Early Adulthood • Understand the different stages of adulthood (lecture) ➢ Early adulthood ○ Early 20s to mid 30s ○ Transition from late adolescence ➢ Midlife ○ Beginning in late 40s ➢ Seniors ○ 65+ years ➢ Elders ○ 85+ years • Understand the discussion around dating o What are the trends related to dating? - “Hooking up” - Past = to get married - Present = pick up at a party and have sex - “Friends With Benefits” - Being in a casual sexual (NOT romantic) relationship with someone - Internet dating - About 40 million visited online dating sites - Not much research on success or selection of partners - Benefits? May actually work. Drawbacks? False profiles, catfishing, people lose empathy

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Living apart together - Expression the Dutch use to explain their version of FWB - Having one’s individual life and space, separate from a lover or partner, but still being a part of a couple o What behaviors (sexual and other) are related to the trends? Behaviors common in hook ups -Sexual touching above the waist 58% males, 58% females -Sexual touching below the waist 54% males, 53% females -Oral sex, performer 31% males, 40% females -Oral sex, recipient 36% males, 34% females -Intercourse 35% males, 32% females • Identify the factors that lead people to stay single. - Choice to remain single or cohabitate (the state of living together or sharing the same space as a couple without being legally married) - Education and/or career goals - Delaying marriages - Increasing numbers of divorces o What is celibacy? Why would people choose this? - Celibacy: Unengaged in sexual activity. - Priests and nuns vow to remain celibate as part of their religious commitments, and many youth groups and religious organizations promote staying celibate until marriage. o Understand the different types of relationships while single living § Different types of relationships while single living include casual sex (intercourse with people with whom you are not in love or committed), serial monogamy (the practice of having an exclusive relationship with one person, breaking up, and going on to another exclusive relationship), and friends with benefits (single individuals involved in a casual sex relationship with a friend or acquaintance but not romantically as defined in lecture). o How is sexual activity different for single vs. married people? - Married people have more sex and are more satisfied than single people • Understand what cohabitation is and how it influences experiences and behaviors. o Cohabitation is the state of living together or sharing the same space as a couple without being legally married. It has three components: § Living arrangements: different living arrangements may create a different set of social networks for the couple depending on the geographic location, cultural meanings of the arrangement, and neighborhood identity · Sharing an apartment or house and having regular sex as a couple · Living together occasionally while maintaining separate households · Living together without necessarily having sex to share living expenses or possibly pool resources to buy property together · Maintaining separate residences and referring to yourselves as a couple -

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§ Meaning of cohabitation to both partners: implicit in different living arrangements are love, sexual intimacy, and some level of emotional commitment but if couple sees their relationship as domestic, it may not be recognized by the state or local authorities; there is a broad range of economic, social and health care rights denied to cohabiting couples · Health care, social security and health benefits § Level of commitment between partners: cohabitation often creates emotional bonds about being open, truthful and sharing; exploring the level of trust and commitment and faithfulness is common to couples; people plan for the future for economic commitments, emotional comfort, etc. o Compare and contrast cohabitation with marriage - Cohabitation= living together or sharing the same space as a couple but not legally married - Similarities= frequency of conflict, relationship satisfaction - Differences= cohab is more egalitarian, less desire for children, longer cohabitation leads to more relationship instability - Same sex couples more egalitarian than heterosexual - Cohabitation is harder for Americans compared to the rest of the world o Why might people choose cohabitation? - Viewed as precursor to marriage - Preference for informal status - Avoiding stigma of divorce - Age-specific financial benefits Integrating Marriage and Sexual Well-Being ● Understand the reasons why people are marrying later in life in the United States. ○ In the United States, people today are generally marrying later in life than previous generations. The average age of first marriage for people is now 26.5 years for women and 28.7 yrs for men. ○ People delay marriage for many reasons: ■ Key changes in gender roles that have allowed many women to postpone marriage to go to college and pursue careers ■ Waiting to have children due to life goals and career aspirations ■ Increase in cohabitation ■ Avoiding divorce ● Identify key differences in the institution of marriage across cultures. ○ Some non-Western societies--communities arrange marriages and romance does not play a part. Virginity is often prized among these societies ○ Some African, South American , and virtually all Pacific Island societies practice polygamy ○ India and South Asia take one’s caste very seriously. One’s social and religious status group of their family is an important factor in marriage. ○ What are miscegenation laws? Which states were the last to remove these laws from their law books / state constitutions? (look at timeline on pg. 411 textbook as well for perspective)

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■ Miscegenation laws: marriage, cohabitation, or sexual relations between people of different races was illegal; prevented white and black people from intermarrying. No interracial relationships. ■ 1948- California was the first to legalize interracial marriage, 90% of adults in the US opposed interracial marriages. ■ 1967- US supreme court made interracial marriage legal everywhere in the country, 72% opposed interracial marriages in the country. Loving v. Virginia Supreme Court Case made this possible. ■ 1991- adults who opposed interracial marriage became a minority for the first time ■ 1998- South Carolina removed it from their law books ■ 2000 - Alabama was the last state to remove it from their law books Today 25% of White Americans and 50% of African Americans belong to interracial marriages (Ex: Obama is from an interracial marriage) ● What groups were banned from marrying each other? ■ Interracial couples, Same-sex couples, interfaith couples, multiple spouses ○ Know the definitions of polygamy, polygyny, and polyandry? Understand the examples given regarding these definitions. ■ Polygamy: practice of marrying multiple spouses ■ Polygyny: a man having more than one wife ■ Polyandry: a woman married to more than one husband What are the functions of marriage? ○ Stable families convey social norms ○ Legal: Defines rights of inheritance ○ Regulate sexual behavior ○ Emotional and social support system ○ Associated with better health ○ Takes different forms in different cultures ○ Describe the factors involved in sexual satisfaction within marriage. o Mutual effort o Increase frequency of sex o Having sex 3 times a week o There is also DINS: Dual Interest in No Sex, still satisfying but both partners pursue busy lifestyles What makes for a “good” marriage? 1. Commitment to relationship 2. Good communication with partner (Gottman’s research -- 5 positive interactions to 1 never gative interaction = key) 3. Intimacy and unity with autonomy 4. Management of stressful events 5. Imaginative and pleasurable sex life 6. Providing emotional nourishment Understand the different types of extramarital relationships.

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What is another term for extramarital relationships? → Non-monogamy: Sexual relationships outside of the current relationship. ○ Which ones are consensual versus non-consensual? ■ Consensual ● Polyamory: intentional acceptance of one’s partner having sexual relations with someone else, usually for a long time; practice of having more than one loving, intimate relationship at a time, with the consent and understanding of everyone involved ● Swinging: married heterosexuals can have casual sex with other heterosexuals outside the relationship, for example: Husband can have safe sex with a female sex worker when when he is away from home and it’s not considered cheating ■ Non-consensual ● Adultery: cheating; sexual intercourse between a married person and someone else ● Identify the social and legal issues surrounding same-sex marriage. Lack of societal acceptance and benefits ○ not able to access health and long term health insurance → w/o same sex laws, the surviving same sex partner doesn’t have legal access to the benefits that may be important for their well being ○ Social security benefits are denied to gay partners when one of them dies even if they had lived together for decades ○ How is legalization of interracial marriages similar to same-sex marriage? (Hint: what was the legal decision based on?) ■ Same-sex marriage was legalized June 26, 2015 ● SCOTUS Case: Obergefell v. Hodges (SCOTUS means it went to the Supreme Court of The United States for anyone confused) ● Decision breakdown--5:4 split ● Due Process Clause and ...