Exam 1 Study Guide Biology organisms PDF

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Biology notes for exams basic biology for chapter 1 studying material study guide Madison area technical college...

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Chapter 1 The Nature of Science What was this chapter about? What did you learn? This chapter was about the discovery of white-nose syndrome. It was an example showing how scientists use the scientific method to share accurate science. There was additional texts/Figures that explained what living organisms are and what the “biological hierarchy” is. The Scientific Method Observe and ask questions: When there is something happening in the world that is curious to us or new, we look at what’s going on and we begin asking questions. For example, we’ve been smelling a bad smell inside the house, mainly when we run the heat. Suggest a hypothesis: Ask yourself what you think is going on. Give a guess. For example, I think that there is something in the vents/that they need to be cleaned. Generate predictions to test your hypothesis: Think of what solutions there could be to the issue. How can you solve or test these solutions? I think that if we were to clean the vents that the smell would go away. Design tests of the predictions of your hypothesis: measure or observe/design and run experiments: find ways to test your hypothesis. For example, cleaning the vents. Analyze the results: What happens when you clean the vents? Did the smell go away? Communicate your results to fellow scientists: My boyfriend and my grandfather do HVAC work so they would be considered experts on the matter. Ask for their opinions and analysis. Is there something else that could potentially cause the smell as well? Accept, reject, or modify your hypothesis: Take the information given to you by fellow scientists. Does their information provide you with another hypothesis or does it change the point of view on the matter? Vocabulary o Independent Variable: the variable that is being changed (manipulated). o Dependent Variable: the variable that could be affected by the independent variables change. o Control Group: this group is the one without change. o Treatment group: the group being affected or with the independent variable. o Scientific Fact: direct and repeatable observation of any aspect of the natural world.

What makes an organism living? Organisms that are living have cells and reproduce using DNA. They get their energy from their environment and can sense the environment – like where the energy they need is at. Like flowers opening to the sun. They maintain a constant internal environment, it’s imprinted in their system, called homeostasis. They can evolve as groups in evolution. A virus is not living but it can evolve in groups. Biological Hierarchy Atoms (smallest thing. Beginner) Molecules Cell Tissue Organ (Have to have organs before you develop the system) Organ system Organism Population (A population within a community) Community Ecosystem Biome (Biome of the Earth to create the universe) Biosphere

Chapter 2 Evaluating Scientific Claims What was this chapter about? In this chapter we continued learning about the scientific method. It was about teaching us how to tell what is real science and what is pseudoscience. We can use the scientific method to help us with this discovery. Real science follows the scientific method. That helps us know if sources we find our anything we read about science is accurate. Scientific Claims Statements that can be tested by the scientific method. The example was related to vaccinations. Scientific Literacy Knowing basic facts about science and knowing how to find out if theories and claims can be proven by the scientific method. Evaluating Scientific Claims 1. Do they have credentials to be making these claims? Are there credentials related to what they are claiming?

2. Are they bias? Do they support or not support the cause outright? Are they being paid to say something or getting something in return for this work? 3. Do they have the thoughts of peers? Has their work or their claim/hypothesis/experiment been analyzed by fellow scientists? 4. Is the science real or is it pseudoscience? Follow the scientific method? Vocabulary o Basic Research: science funded by the federal government. o Applied Research: industry funded. Could be biased. o Secondary Literature: Basic overview. Some facts. More than social media but not necessarily all the way scientific. Have to make sure it still follows scientific method. Like The New York Times and National Geographic. o Primary Literature: very scientific. Hard to understand. Like Nature or Science AAAS o Correlation: two changes that aren’t’ necessarily related. o Causation: change in one causes a change in something else. Related change. Example: I get home late for work and decide not to cook so we go out. Directly related changes. o Pseudoscience: sounds real and legit but doesn’t follow the scientific method.

Chapter 4/Chapter 5 Life is Cellular, How Cells Work What is this chapter about? This chapter is all about the characteristics of a cell and how the cell operates.

What is cell theory? Cell theory states that every living organism is composed of one or more cells, and all cells living today came from a preexisting cell. Scientists have been trying to see if they can create their own cell which is questioning the second part of the theory.

Figuring out what a cell is and the components that go into making a cell work. 1. We start with the plasma membrane. This is the barrier that separates a cell from it’s external environment.

2. This plasma membrane has a phospholipid bilayer. A water-loving hydrophilic head and a water-fearing hydrophobic tail. The bilayer forms a sphere and creates a liposome. The membrane is a gatekeeper. Here is an explanation with more detail.

How do we move through or around? Transport proteins: gates and channels that allow molecules to move in and out of a cell. Think of the cell as a city. The transport proteins are the guards that control the gates into the city. There are two ways that molecules can enter the city, or the cell. That is either through active transport or passive transport depending on who (or what) wants to get into the city. 1. Active Transport: in order to enter the city, the substance/molecule needs the assistance of energy. That energy helps it through the gate. This occurs when they need to move from an area of lower concentration to higher concentration. Example: Sodium or Na+ 2. Passive Transport: this is the ability to enter the city without energy. It’s spontaneous. Think of this as the VIP’s entering the VIP gate while you sit over there in line with your ball of energy to offer the gate watching them go in instantly.

There are two types of passive transport though, simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion. Simple Diffusion: No hinderance. To get from higher concentration to lower concentration. This is the VIP Water (H2O) (which is called osmosis) and oxygen and carbon dioxide. Facilitated Diffusion: Requires protein to move through the gate.

What if we don’t have protein, energy, and aren’t special VIPs? Get on the bus! There is a bus in the cell city called a vesicle. The vesicle will move you around inside the city but also let you in and out. If you are leaving cell city, you are referred to as being a part of the process of exocytosis. If you are coming into the city, you are referred to as being a part of the process of endocytosis.

The hard part is that there are 3 ways of leaving the city. 1. Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

When the city officials recognize you and bring you into the city. 2. Phagocytosis Cellular Eating. When little bad guys such as a virus are spotted and eaten by the large particle police. 3. Pinocytosis Cellular Drinking.

Let’s learn more about cell city. There are two cities: one is prokaryotes city which is a simple city. The bigger, more common city is Eukaryotes. This city contains plant district and animal district.

Plant District Nucleus: Holds the DNA DNA: instructions for building an organism; blueprint Rough ER: stores protein from ribosomes Ribosomes: assemble protein for rough ER Smooth ER: Creates lipids and hormones Golgi Apparatus: post office Large Central Vacuole: like garbage but store molecules and lend physical support Mitochondria: energy/power house Cytoskeleton: framework Plasma Membrane: the barrier Cell Wall: More support and framework Chloroplast: captures and stores sun energy. Photosynthesis

Animal District Nucleus: Hold the DNA DNA: instructions for building an organism; blueprint Lysosomes: Garbage Rough ER: stores proteins for ribosomes Ribosomes: assemble protein for rough ER Smooth ER: Creates lipids and hormones Golgi Apparatus: post office Small Vacuole: water storage and similar to garbage Mitochondria: energy/power house Cytoskeleton: framework Plasma Membrane: the barrier...