Exam 1 Study Guide Biology 101 study soup PDF

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Exam 1 Study Guide for chapters 1&2 Biology 101

Chapter 1

Evolution- is the process of change that has transformed life on earth Biology – is the scientific study of life Study of life reveals unifying themes

Five Unifying themes: 1. Organization Definition - the study of life on Earth extends from the microscopic scale of the molecules and cells that make up organisms to the global scale of the entire living planet. 

Levels of biological organization  The biosphere  Ecosystem  Communities  Populations  Organisms  Organs  Cells  Tissues  Organelles  Molecules

Emergent properties- result from the arrangement and interaction of parts within a system 

Characterizes non- biological entities as well

Eukaryotic cell- a type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells:    

Protists Plants Fungi Animals

Prokaryotic cell- a type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells:  Bacteria  Archaea

2. Information Definition- within cells, structures called chromosomes contain genetic material in the form of DNA. DNA- a nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine. 

Before a cell divides, the DNA is first replicated, or copied, and each of the two cellular offsprings inherits a complete set of chromosomes.

Genes- A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA.  Genes are the units of inheritance  They encode the information necessary to build all of the molecules synthesized within a cell Genome-the genetic material of an organism or virus Genomics- the systematic study of whole sets of genes Proteomics-the systematic study of sets of proteins and their properties. Proteome-the entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell, tissue, or organism

3. Energy and Matter Definition-a fundamental characteristic of living organisms is their use of energy to carry out life’s activities. Producers-an organism that produces organic compounds from CO2 by harnessing light energy or by oxidizing inorganic chemicals reactions carried out by some. Consumers-an organism that feeds on producers, other consumers, or non-living organic material.

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4. Interactions At any level of the biological hierarchy, interactions between the components of the system ensure smooth integration of all the parts.

5. Evolution Definition- is the process of change that has transformed life on Earth

Three Domains of Life:   

Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

Life- is an emergent property of highly organized matter of cellular organization, the living stat of matter, which is characterized by metabolism growth and development, regulation at different levels of organization.

Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection  



Published the book On the Origins of Species by Means of Natural Selection in November 1859 Book composed of two main points  Contemporary species arose from a succession of ancestors that differed from them. This process was called “descent with modification”  “Natural Selection” is a primary cause of descent with modification.

Darwin observed  People vary in traits; many are heritable  More offsprings are produced than survive  Species generally suit their environment

Natural selection-a process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits

In studying nature Science- an approach to understanding the natural world  Is derived from the latin verb meaning “to know” Inquiry- the search for information and explanation, often focusing on specific questions

Making an observation 

This approach is based on observation and the analysis of data

Data- recorded observation   

Qualitative data often take the form of recorded data Quantitative data are generally expressed as numerical data Collecting and analyzing observation can lead to important conclusions based on a type of logic called inductive reasoning

Inductive Reasoning- a type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observation.

Forming Hypothesis  

Hypothesis- a testable explanation for a set of observations based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning. Scientific Hypothesis must lead to predictions that can be tested by making additional observations or by performing experiments

Experiments- a scientific test, often carried out under controlled conditions Deductive Reasoning- a type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise.

Experiment Variables and Controls     

Controlled Experiment- an experiment designed to compare an experimental group with a control group; ideally the two groups differ only in the factor being tested Variables- a factor that varies in an experiment Independent Variable- a factor whose value is manipulated or changed during an experiment to reveal possible effects on another factor Dependent Variable – a factor whose value is measured during an experiment or other test to see whether it is influenced by changes in another factor. Theory- an explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence.

Chapter 2 Matter Matter- anything that takes up space and has mass 

Organisms are composed of matter and matter is made up of elements.

Element- any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance by chemical reactions  Chemists recognize 92 elements occurring in nature Compound- is a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio

Element of life 

 

Of the 92 natural elements, about 20-25% are essential elements.  Essential Elements- a chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen make up approximately 96% of living matter. Trace elements are required by an organism in only minute quantities  Trace Elements- an element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts.

Properties of elements depend on structure of atoms Each element consist of unique atoms Atoms- is the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element

Subatomic Particles Atoms are consisted of even smaller parts called subatomic particles Only three Particles are relevant:  Neutrons ( no electrical charge )  Protons ( Positive charge )  Electrons ( Negative Charge ) Protons and neutrons are packed together tightly in a dens core, or atomic nucleus. Atomic Nucleus- an atoms dense central core, containing protons and neutrons Atomic Number- the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript Mass Number- the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus.

Isotopes Isotopes- are two atoms of an element that differ in number of neutrons Radioactive Isotopes – decay spontaneously, giving off particles and energy

Energy level of Electrons 

An atoms electron vary in the amount of energy the possess.

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Quantum numbers- describe the characteristics of the electron wave. Atomic orbital- is a wave function of the electron for specific values of each quantum number

Chemical bonding between atoms Atoms either share or transfer valence electrons. These interactions usually result in atoms staying close together, held by attractions called chemical bonds. Chemical Bonds- an attraction between two atoms, resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms. The bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells. Covalent bond- is the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms 

In a covalent bond, the shared electrons count as part of each atoms valence shell

Molecule- consist of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. Single bond- is the sharing of two pairs of valence electrons 

Atoms get closer, orbitals overlap, sharing starts, and the shared electrons are the glue holding the atoms together.

Double Bond- the sharing of two pairs of valence electrons by two atoms Valence- bonding capacity of a given atom Electronegativity- is an atoms attraction for the electron in a covalent bond Nonpolar covalent bond- atoms share the electron equally Polar covalent bond- one atom is more electronegative, and the atoms do not share the electron equally.

Ionic bonds 

Two atoms are so unequal in their attraction for valence electrons that the more electronegative atom strips an electron completely away from its partner.

Ions- an atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge. Cation- positive charged ion Anion- negative charged ion Ionic Bond- a chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions Ionic Compound or salt- a compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond; also called a salt

Hydrogen Bond Hydrogen bond- a type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule

Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Hydrophilic- groups of atoms are attracted to water Hydrophobic- molecules are not and are excluded from water

Chemical reactions Chemical Reactions- the making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter Reactants- a starting material in a chemical reaction Products- a material resulting from a chemical reaction Chemical Equilibrium- is reached when the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate...