A&P 1- Chapter 13 Review Questions PDF

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A&P 1: Chapter 13 Review Questions

1. Describe and distinguish between the different kinds of bone fractures and discuss symptoms and treatments of broken bones a. A bone fracture is defined as a partial or complete break in the continuity of a bone that most often occurs under mechanical stress. b. Most common cause is trauma. c. Different types of fractures: i. Pathological (spontaneous) fractures 1. Weakness results in breakage despite very little stress ii. Stress fractures 1. Occur in the absence of any clinically visible damage iii. Displaced (open) fracture 1. A displaced (open) fracture, also known as a compound fracture, is one in which broken bone projects through surrounding tissue and skin. iv. Nondisplaced (closed) fracture 1. Nondisplaced (closed) fractures do not cause a break in the skin. v. Complete and incomplete 1. A complete fracture involves a break across the entire section of bone. 2. An incomplete fracture involves only a partial break, in which the bone fragments are still partially joined. d. Signs and Symptoms of fractures: i. Clinical signs and symptoms of a fracture are: 1. Loss of function or false motion 2. Pain 3. Soft tissue edema 4. Deformity a. They vary with the type and location of the fracture. e. Treatment: i. Treatment usually involves reduction or realignment of the bone, immobilization, and restoring function through rehabilitation. 2. Identify the bones of the shoulder and pelvic girdles a. Bones that make up the shoulder girdle (also known as pectoral girdle): i. The scapula and clavicle b. Bones that make up the pelvic girdle: i. The pelvic girdle is made up of the sacrum and the two coxal bones bound tightly by strong ligaments 1. Each coxal bone is made up of three bones that fuse together: a. Ilium b. Ischium c. Pubis Page 1 of 4

A&P 1: Chapter 13 Review Questions

3. Describe the difference between the false pelvis and the true pelvis a. The pelvis can be divided into two parts by an imaginary plane, called the pelvic inlet. i. True pelvis: 1. The structure below the pelvic inlet 2. It creates the boundary of another imaginary plane, called the pelvic outlet a. The edge of this plane is called the pelvic brim, or brim of the true pelvis. ii. False pelvis: 1. The structure above the pelvic inlet. 2. It is bordered by muscle in the front and bone along the sides and back. 4. Identify, compare, and organize the bones of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand versus those of the thigh, leg, ankle and foot a. The upper extremity: i. The upper extremity consists of the bones of the shoulder girdle, upper and lower parts of the arm, wrist, and hand. 1. Bones that make up the arm and forearm: a. Humerus (arm) b. Radius and ulna (forearm) c. Elbow joint 2. Bones that make up the wrist and hands: a. Carpal bones i. The proximal row of carpal bones is made up of the pisiform, triquetrum, lunate, and scaphoid. ii. The distal row is made up of the hamate, capitate, trapezoid, and trapezium. b. Metacarpal bones i. The metacarpal bones are the five bones that form the framework of the hand. 1. Trapezoid 2. Trapezium 3. Scaphoid 4. Hamate 5. Pisiform 6. Capitate 7. Triquetrum 8. Lunate

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A&P 1: Chapter 13 Review Questions

b. The lower extremity: i. Bones that make up the thigh: 1. Femur ii. Bones that make up the leg: 1. Patella (knee) 2. Tibia (leg) 3. Fibula (leg) iii. Bones that make up the foot and ankle: 1. Tarsal bones a. Navicular b. Calcaneus c. Talus d. Cuneiforms e. Cuboid 2. Metatarsal bones 3. Phalanges 5. Name the largest sesamoid bone in the body. What is the function of the largest sesamoid bone? a. The patella is the largest sesamoid bone in the body. i. Also known as the kneecap. b. The patella is located in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle as a projection to the underlying knee joint. 6. Discuss the arches of the foot and point out the functional importance of each. a. There are 3 different arches of the foot: i. Longitudinal arch: 1. Tarsals and metatarsals so arranged as to form arch from front to back of foot a. The medial portion is formed by the calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms, and three metatarsal bones. b. The lateral portion is formed by the calcaneus, cuboid, and two lateral metatarsal bones. ii. Fallen arches or “Flatfoot”: 1. Results when the tendons and ligaments attached to the tarsal bones are weakened. 2. Downward pressure by the weight of the body gradually flattens out the normal arch of the bones.

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A&P 1: Chapter 13 Review Questions

iii. Transverse arch: 1. In the metatarsal region of the left foot. a. Metatarsals and distal row of tarsals (cuneiforms and cuboid) so articulated as to form arch across foot; bones kept in two arched positions by means of powerful ligaments in sole of foot and by muscles and tendons. 2. High heels throw the weight forward and cause the heads of the metatarsal bones to bear most of the body’s weight. 7. Describe the role of the pubic symphysis during childbirth. a. The pubis symphysis is the Cartilaginous, amphiarthrotic joint between pubic bones. i. Despite its apparent rigidity, the joint between the pubic portions of each coxal bone, the symphysis pubis, softens prior to delivery. This allows the pelvic outlet to expand to accommodate the newborn’s head as it passes out of the birth canal. The tiny coccyx bone, which protrudes into the pelvic outlet, sometimes breaks when the force of labor contractions pushes the newborn’s head against it. 8. Practice identifying features of the appendicular skeleton by applying the use of anatomical directions. Name the short, hook like bony process of the scapula that projects anteriorly. Which bony landmark is located on the lateral side of the proximal humerus? Which region of the humerus articulates the radius as part of the elbow joint? Which is the most lateral carpal bone of the proximal row? Which region of the pelvis supports body weight when sitting? a. Coracoid Process i. Short, hook like bony process of the scapula that projects anteriorly. b. Greater Tubercle i. The. bony landmark is located on the lateral side of the proximal humerus. c. Capitulum i. Region of the humerus articulates the radius as part of the elbow joint. d. Scaphoid i. The most lateral carpal bone of the proximal row. e. Ischial tuberosity i. Region of the pelvis supports body weight when sitting.

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